Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-8ctnn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T17:15:50.335Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Factors governing the formation of lithiophorite at atmospheric pressure

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Haojie Cui ,
Lei You ,
Xionghan Feng ,
Wenfeng Tan ,
Guohong Qiu  and
Fan Liu
Haojie Cui
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Xiamen 361021, China
Lei You
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Xionghan Feng*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Wenfeng Tan
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Guohong Qiu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
Fan Liu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Subtropical Agricultural Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Lithiophorite is a naturally occurring Mn oxide mineral commonly found in soils and sediments. The usual method of synthesizing lithiophorite is via a hydrothermal process in an autoclave at relatively high temperature and pressure. In the present study, an alternative, reflux method, at atmospheric pressure, for synthesis of lithiophorite was developed successfully. The influence of reaction duration, temperature, type of precursor birnessite (H-birnessite, Na-birnessite, aged Na-birnessite), and pH on the formation of lithiophorite were investigated by reflux treatment of lithium-aluminum hydroxide complex ion ()-exchanged birnessite. The results show that the degree of conversion of lithiophorite decreases with decreasing reaction temperature. Lithiophorite can be obtained at pH values from 5.0 to 9.0, but a circumneutral pH is more favorable for formation at atmospheric pressure. Conversion of Na-birnessite (Bir-OH) to lithiophorite is more favored than aged Na-birnessite (Bir-OH-A). Lithiophorite was not obtained by refluxing the ion-exchanged H-birnessite (Bir-H) sample. The rate of conversion of lithiophorite increases with increasing reflux time. Lithiophorite synthesized by a reflux process has pseudo-hexagonal crystals of 0.1–0.5 µm with a chemical composition of Li0.24Al0.46MnO2.67(H2O)1.25. The results have important implications for the origin and underlying mechanism of lithiophorite formation in the environment.

Keywords

BirnessiteLithiophoriteManganese OxideRefluxing
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 3 , June 2009 , pp. 353 - 360
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

References

De Villiers, J.E., 1983 The manganese deposits of Griqualand West, South Africa; some mineralogic aspects Economic Geology 78 1108–1118 10.2113/gsecongeo.78.6.1108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dowding, C.E. and Fey, M.V., 2007 Morphological, chemical and mineralogical properties of some manganese-rich oxisols derived from dolomite in Mpumalanga province, South Africa Geoderma 141 23–33 10.1016/j.geoderma.2007.04.024.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Q. Honbu, C. Yanagisawa, K. and Yamasaki, N., 1998 Synthesis of lithiophorite with sandwich layered structure by hydrothermal soft chemical process Chemistry Letters 757–758.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, Q. Honbu, C. Yanagisawa, K. and Yamasaki, N., 1999 Hydrothermal soft chemical reaction for formation of sandwich layered manganese oxide Chemistry of Materials 11 2444–2450 10.1021/cm990133n.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, X.H. Liu, F. Tan, W.F. and Liu, X.W., 2004 Synthesis of birnessite from the oxidation of Mn2+ by O2 in alkali medium: Effects of synthesis conditions Clays and Clay Minerals 52 240–250 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, X.H. Zhan, L.M. Tan, W.F. Liu, F. He, J.Z. and Zhu, Y.G., 2007 Adsorption and redox reactions of heavy metals on synthesized Mn oxide minerals Environmental Pollution 147 366–373 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.05.028.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Giovanoli, R. Buhler, H. and Sokolowska, K., 1973 Synthetic lithiophorite: Electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction Journal de Microscopie 18 90–103.Google Scholar
Golden, D.C. Dixon, J.B. and Kanehiro, Y., 1993 The manganese oxide mineral, lithiophorite, in an oxisol from Hawaii Australian Journal of Soil Research 31 51–66 10.1071/SR9930051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, J.G. Dixon, J.B. Chusuei, C.C. and Deng, Y., 2002 Oxidation of chromium(III) to (VI) by manganese oxides Soil Science Society of America Journal 66 306–315 10.2136/sssaj2002.3060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, J. Zhang, Q. Huang, A. Giraldo, O. and Suib, S.L., 1999 Double-aging method for preparation of stabilized Na-buserite and transformations to todorokites incorporated with various metals Inorganic Chemistry 38 6106–6113 10.1021/ic980675r.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manceau, A. Marcus, M.A. Tamura, N. Proux, O. Geoffroy, N. and Lanson, B., 2004 Natural speciation of Zn at the micrometer scale in a clayey soil using X-ray fluorescence, absorption and diffraction Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 2467–2483 10.1016/j.gca.2003.11.021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Manceau, A. Tommaseo, C. Rihs, S. Geoffroy, N. Chateigner, D. Schlegel, M. Tisserand, D. Marcus, M.A. Tamura, N. and Chen, Z.S., 2005 Natural speciation of Mn, Ni, and Zn at the micrometer scale in a clayey paddy soil using X-ray fluorescence, adsorption, and diffraction Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 4007–4034 10.1016/j.gca.2005.03.018.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, R.M., 1971 The synthesis of birnessite, cryptomelane, and some other oxides and hydroxides of manganese Mineralogical Magazine 38 493–503 10.1180/minmag.1971.038.296.12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKenzie, R.M., Dixon, J.B. and Weed, S.B., 1989 Manganese oxides and hydroxides Minerals in Soil Environments 2nd Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 439–465.Google Scholar
Ouvrard, S. Donato, P. Simonnot, M.O. Begin, S. Chanbaja, J. Alnot, M. Duval, Y.B. Lhote, F. Barres, O. and Sardin, M., 2005 Natural manganese oxide: Combined analytical approach for solid characterization and arsenic retention Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 69 2715–2724 10.1016/j.gca.2004.12.023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J.E., 1999 Manganese oxide minerals: Crystal structures and economic and environmental significance Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 96 3447–3454 10.1073/pnas.96.7.3447.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Post, J.E. and Appleman, D.E., 1994 Crystal structure refinement of lithiophorite American Mineralogist 79 370–374.Google Scholar
Tan, W.F. Liu, F. Li, Y.H. Hu, H.Q. and Huang, Q.Y., 2006 Elemental composition and geochemical characteristics of iron-manganese nodules in main soils of China Pedosphere 16 72–81 10.1016/S1002-0160(06)60028-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uzochukwu, G.A. and Dixon, J.B., 1986 Manganese oxide minerals in nodules of two soils of Texas and Alabama Soil Science Society of America Journal 50 1079–1084 10.2136/sssaj1986.03615995005000050055x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vidhana Arachchi, L.P. Tokashiki, Y. and Baba, S., 2004 Mineralogical characteristics and micromorphological observations of brittle/soft Fe/Mn concretions from Okinawan soils Clays and Clay Minerals 52 462–472 10.1346/CCMN.2004.0520407.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wadsley, A.D., 1950 Synthesis of some hydrated manganese minerals American Mineralogist 35 485–499.Google Scholar
Yang, D.S. and Wang, M., 2003 Characterization and a fast method for synthesis of sub-micron lithiophorite Clays and Clay Minerals 51 96–101 10.1346/CCMN.2003.510111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar