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Evidence of Degradation of Triarylmethine Dyes on Texas Vermiculite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Giora Rytwo ,
Yotam Gonen  and
Reuma Huterer-Shveky
Giora Rytwo*
Affiliation:
Tel Hai Academic College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel MIGAL Galilee Technology Center, Israel
Yotam Gonen
Affiliation:
Tel Hai Academic College, Department of Environmental Sciences, Upper Galilee 12210, Israel Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
Reuma Huterer-Shveky
Affiliation:
Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Quality Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
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Abstract

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Synthetic dyes in industrial effluents pose a significant risk to human health and the environment, so much effort has been expended to degrade them using various methods, including the use of clay minerals as catalysts. The purpose of this study was to advance understanding of the mechanisms for clay-catalyzed degradation of crystal violet (CV) and other triarylmethine dyes using three different vermiculite clays (Llano, Texas, VTx-1; Ojen, OV; and Russian, RV), a montmorillonite (SWy-1), and a Spanish sepiolite (SEP). While OV, RV, SWy-1, and SEP showed almost no activity with respect to dye degradation, VTx-1 caused complete removal of the dye from solution up to the equivalent of 200% of the cation exchange capacity of the clay. While large amounts of dye were removed from the solution, no change in basal spacing was observed by X-ray diffraction. The kinetics of removal of CV from solution began after a lag period of >10 days in a process that can be described by pseudo-second order kinetics. By comparison, adsorption of CV onto SWy-1 and SEP was immediate, without any lag period. Sonication treatment of the VTx-1 vermiculite suspension caused the CV removal process to begin immediately. Fourier-transform infrared measurements of adsorption of CV on clays revealed that for the OV and RV vermiculites, SEP sepiolite, and SWy-1 montmorillonite the spectra were similar to the original dye; the spectra of the VTx-1-dye differed considerably, however, exhibiting vibrations of methylene groups (—CH2—) which were not present in the CV molecule. The significant changes in the IR spectrum indicated that CV underwent degradation on the surface of the VTx-1 vermiculite. Carbon-content analysis led to the conclusion that degradation products remained bound to the clay. Similar effects were observed for two other triarylmethine dyes (malachite green and methyl green) added to VTx-1, indicated that it may, therefore, be considered suitable as a sorbent to remove and decompose such dyes from industrial effluents. Pretreatment by sonication would remove the need for long incubation times.

Keywords

Arnolds BaseCrystal VioletFTIRVermiculiteAdsorptionDegradationPseudo-second Order Kinetics
Type
Correction
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 57 , Issue 5 , October 2009 , pp. 555 - 565
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

Footnotes

An erratum to this article is available online at https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03406012.

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