Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-15T09:20:40.819Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Electrical conductivity spectra of smectites as influenced by saturating cation and humidity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Sally D. Logsdon  and
David A. Laird
Sally D. Logsdon*
Affiliation:
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, 2150 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
David A. Laird
Affiliation:
National Soil Tilth Laboratory, 2150 Pammel Drive, Ames, IA 50011, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Electrical conductivity is an important soil property related to salinity, and is often used for delineating other soil properties. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of smectite properties on the complex electrical conductivity spectra of hydrated smectitic clays. Four smectites were saturated with Ca, Mg, Na or K and equilibrated at four relative humidities ranging from 56 to 99%. X-ray diffraction was used to determine fractions of the various smectite layer hydrates (0 to 4 layers of interlayer water molecules) in each sample. A vector network analyzer was used to determine the real component of the complex electrical conductivity spectra (σ′) for frequencies (f) ranging from 300 kHz to 3 GHz. Values of the dc electrical conductivity(σ0), the frequency where the slope changes in the spectra (fr), and the slope at the high-frequency end of the spectra (n) were determined by fitting σ′ to σ′(f) = σ0(1 + f/fr)n. Both σ0 and fr increased with the total amount of water, the amount of interlayer water, and, for saturating cations in the order K < Mg < Ca < Na. The opposite trends were observed for n. The values of these parameters were influenced by the type of smectite, but the trends were not consistent for the effect of layer charge. The results indicate that interlayer water in smectites contributes to the electrical conductivity of hydrated smectites, and that polarization of water by local electrical fields has a substantial influence on the complex electrical conductivity spectra of smectites. The accuracy of salinity estimates for soils and sediments that are based on conductivity measurements maybe adversely affected unless the effects of hydrated clays on electrical conductivity are considered.

Keywords

Bound WaterCharge CarrierElectrical ConductivityHydrationSmectite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 52 , Issue 4 , August 2004 , pp. 411 - 420
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2004

References

Anis, M.K. and Jonscher, A.K., (1993) Frequency and time-domain measurements on humid sand and soil Journal of Materials Science 28 3626–3634.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bohn, H.L. McNeal, B.L. and O’Connor, G.A., (1979) Soil Chemistry New York John Wileyand Sons.Google Scholar
Calvet, R., (1975) Dielectric properties of montmorillonites saturated by divalent cations Clays and Clay Minerals 23 257–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Campbell, J.E., (1990) Dielectric properties and influence of conductance in soils at one to fifty megahertz Soil Science Society of America Journal 54 332–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dissado, L.A. and Hill, R.M., (1984) Anomalous low-frequency dispersion Journal of the Chemical Society Faraday Transactions 2 80 291–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyre, J.C., (1988) The random free-energy barrier model for ac conduction in disordered solids Journal of Applied Physics 64 2456–2468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyre, J.C., (1991) Some remarks on ac conduction in disordered solids Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 135 219–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fripiat, J.J. Jelli, A. Poncelet, G. and Andre, J., (1965) Thermodynamic properties of adsorbed water molecules and electrical conduction in montmorillonites and silicas Journal of Physical Chemistry 69 2185–2197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Funke, K., (1994) Jump relaxation model and coupling model — a comparison Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 172 1215–1221 174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heimovaara, T.J. de Winter, E.J.G. van Loon, W.K.P. and Esveld, D.C., (1996) Frequency-dependent dielectric permittivity from 0 to 1 GHz: Time domain reflectometry measurements compared with frequency domain network analyzer measurements Water Resources Research 32 3603–3610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hendrickx, J.M.H. Das, B. Corwin, D.L. Wraith, J.M. Kachanoski, R.G., Dane, J.H. and Clark, G.C., (2002) 6.1.4 Indirect measurement of solute concentration Methods of Soil Analysis Part 4: Physical Methods Madison, Wisconsin Soil Science Society of America, Inc. 1274–1297.Google Scholar
Hunt, A.G., (2001) Ac hopping conduction: perspective from percolation theory Philosophical Magazine B 81 875–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ishida, T. Makino, T. and Wang, C., (2000) Dielectric-relaxation spectroscopy of kaolinite, montmorillonite, allophane, and imogolite under moist conditions Clays and Clay Minerals 48 75–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonscher, A.K., (1978) Low-frequency dispersion in carrier-dominated dielectrics Philosophical Magazine B 38 587–601.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jonscher, A.K., (1996) Universal Relaxation Law London Chelsea Dielectrics Press 415 pp.Google Scholar
Laird, D.A. Dowdy, R.H. and Munter, R.C., (1991) Suspension nebulization analysis of clays by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 274–278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawrence, K.C. Nelson, S.O. and Kraszewski, A.W., (1989) Automated system for dielectric properties measurements from 100 kHz to 1 GHz Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 32 304–308.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logsdon, S.D., (2000) Effect of cable length on TDR calibration for high surface area soils Soil Science Society of America Journal 64 54–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logsdon, S.D. and Laird, D.A., (2002) Dielectric spectra of bound water in hydrated Ca-smectite Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 305 243–246.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logsdon, S.D. and Laird, D.A., (2003) Ranges of bound water properties associated with a smectite clay Electromagnetic Wave Interaction with Water and Moist Substances, Proceedings of Conference New Zealand Rotorua 101–108.Google Scholar
Long, A.R., Pollak, M. and Shklovskii, B., (1991) Hopping conductivity in the intermediate frequency regime Hopping Transport in Solids Amsterdam, The Netherlands Elsevier Science Publishers, B.V. 207–231.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D.M.C. Wilson, M.J., Brindley, G.W. and Brown, G., (1980) Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clays and Clay Minerals London Mineralogical Society 197–244.Google Scholar
Moynihan, C.T., (1994) Analysis of electrical relaxation in glasses and melts with large concentrations of mobileions Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids 172 1395–1407 174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadler, A., (1998) Comments on “Comparison of three methods to calibrate TDR for monitoring solute movement in undisturbed soil” Soil Science Society of America Journal 62 489–490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nadler, A., (1999) Comments on “Measurement of volumetric water content by TDR in saline soils” by G.C.L. Wyseure European Journal of Soil Science 50 181–183.Google Scholar
Persson, M. and Berndtsson, R., (1998) Texture and electrical conductivity effects on temperature dependency in Time domain reflectometry Soil Science Society of America Journal 62 887–893.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prost, R. Koutit, T. Benchara, A. and Huard, E., (1998) State and location of water adsorbed on clay minerals: consequences of the hydration and swelling-shrinkage phenomena Clays and Clay Minerals 46 117–131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr. and Reynolds, R.C. III, (1996) Newmod-for-Windows. The Calculation of One-dimensional X-ray Diffraction Patterns of Mixed-layered Clay Minerals 8 Brook Road, Hanover, New Hampshire 03755 Published by the authors.Google Scholar
Robinson, D.A. Jones, S.B. Wraith, J.M. Or, D. and Friedman, S.P., (2003) A review of advances in dielectric and electrical conductivity measurements in soils using time domain reflectometry Vadose Zone Journal 2 444–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saarenketo, T., (1998) Electrical properties of water in clay and siltysoils Journal of Applied Geophysics 40 73–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SAS, SAS/STAT User’s Guide, Release 6.03 Edition (1988) NC SAS Inst. Inc. Cary 1028 pp.Google Scholar
Theissen, A.A. and Harward, M.E., (1962) A paste method for preparation of slides for clay mineral identification by x-ray diffraction Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 26 90–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, J. (2000) Interactions and Transformations of Chlorpyrifos in Aqueous and Colloidal Systems. PhD dissertation, Iowa State University.Google Scholar
Zvyagin, I.P. and Keiper, R., (2001) Conduction in granular metals by hopping via virtual states Philosophical Magazine B 81 997–1009.CrossRefGoogle Scholar