Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T23:17:13.011Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Curved Smectite in Soils from Volcanic ash in Kenya and Tanzania: A Low-Angle X-Ray Powder Diffraction Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

S. J. van der Gaast ,
Chitoshi Mizota  and
J. H. F. Jansen
S. J. van der Gaast
Affiliation:
Netherlands Intitute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
Chitoshi Mizota
Affiliation:
Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 46-02, Fukuoka 812, Japan
J. H. F. Jansen
Affiliation:
Netherlands Intitute for Sea Research, P.O. Box 59, 1790 AB Den Burg, Texel, The Netherlands
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Low-angle X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) measurements of soil samples, made at controlled relative humidities, showed the presence of major reflections at 20–33, 10–27, and 7–8 Å. The first reflection, which increased in intensity but did not shift in spacing with decreasing relative humidity, represents curved smectite layers. This spacing was also observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The value of 10–27 Å for the second reflection, the 001 reflection of smetite, is unusually high, probably due to poorly stacked, irregularly curved layers. The 7–8-Å reflection originates from kaolinite or dehydrated halloysite, which also contain curved layers. The more curved the layer structure of the smectite, the more difficult it is to detect this phase; therefore the XRD relative peak heights are not directly proportional to the percentages of the smectite.

Keywords

Curved layersKaoliniteLow-angle X-ray powder diffractionSmectiteSoil clayRelative humidityVolcanic ash
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 34 , Issue 6 , December 1986 , pp. 665 - 671
Copyright
Copyright © 1986, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Chapman, J. A. and Zussman, J., 1959 Further electron optical observations on crystals of antigorite Acta Crys-tallogr. 12 550–552.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Wit, H. A., 1978 Soils and grassland types of the Ser-engeti plain (Tanzania): Their distribution and interrelations .Google Scholar
Gilley, F. H. and Hill, V. G., 1959 X-ray study of synthetic Mg-Al serpentines and chlorites Amer. Mineral. 44 143–152.Google Scholar
Jager, T.j., 1982 Soils of the Serengeti woodlands, Tanzania Agric. Res. Rep. Wageningen PUDOC..Google Scholar
Kunze, G., 1956 Die gewelte Struktur des Antigorites. I Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. 108 83–107.Google Scholar
Kunze, G., 1958 Die gewelte Struktur des Antigorites. II Z. Kristallogr. Kristallgeom. 110 282–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kunze, G., 1961 Antigorit. Strukturtheoretische Grundla-gen und ihre Bedeutung fur Serpentin-Forschung Fortschr. Miner. 39 206–324.Google Scholar
McKee, T. R., Dixon, J. B., Whitehouse, U. G. and Harling, D. F., 1973 Study of Te Puke halloysite by a high resolution electron microscope 31st Ann. Electron Microscopy Soc. of America Meeting. .CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mizota, C. and van Reeuwijk, L. P., 1986 Clay mineralogy and chemistry of Andisols and related soils from diverse climatic regimes The Netherlands, Monograph International Soil Reference and Information Centre, Wageningen.Google Scholar
Pauling, L., 1930 The structure of the chlorites Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 16 578–582.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roy, D. M. and Roy, R., 1954 Experimental study of the formation and properties of synthetic serpentines and related layer silicate minerals Amer. Mineral. 39 957–975.Google Scholar
Van der Gaast, S. J. and Kühnel, R. A., 1986 Effects of different cations and relative humidity on hydration-de-hydration mechanisms of Wyoming montmorillonite Applied Clay Science .Google Scholar
Van der Gaast, S. J. and Vaars, A. J., 1981 A method to eliminate the background in X-ray diffraction patterns of oriented clay mineral samples Clays & Clay Minerals 16 383–393.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Gaast, S. J., Wada, K., Wada, S.-L. and Kakuto, Y., 1985 Small-angle X-ray diffraction, morphology, and structure of allophane and imogolite Clays & Clay Minerals 33 237–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wada, K. and Kakuto, Y., 1983 Intergradient vermiculite-kaolin mineral in a Korean Ultisol Clays & Clay Minerals 31 183–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wielemaker, W. G. and Wakatsuki, T., 1984 Properties, weathering and classification of some soils formed in per-alkaline volcanic ash in Kenya Geoderma 32 21–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zussman, J., 1954 Investigation of the crystal structure of antigorite Mineral. Mag. 30 498–512.Google Scholar