Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T16:58:36.647Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Crystalline Swelling of Smectite Samples in Concentrated NaCl Solutions in Relation to Layer Charge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2024

P. G. Slade ,
J. P. Quirk  and
K. Norrish
P. G. Slade
Affiliation:
CSIRO Division of Soils, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
J. P. Quirk
Affiliation:
Waite Agricultural Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
K. Norrish
Affiliation:
CSIRO Division of Soils, Glen Osmond, South Australia 5064, Australia
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The basal spacing of a set of smectites, with layer charges between 0.74 and 1.14 electrons per unit cell, have been measured while the smectites were in equilibrium with NaCl solutions having concentrations of 0.25 to 2.5 molal. Except for the most highly charged smectites, an expansion from ~15.5 to ~18.5 Å occurred as the NaCl concentrations were reduced. This expansion (or “crystalline swelling”) corresponds to the transition from two to three sheets of water between the silicate layers. A random interstratification of 15.5 and 18.5 Å structure units was present during the change and gave rise to broad diffraction peaks for the 001 reflections. A balance between cation hydration forces, interlamellar electrostatic forces, and van der Waals forces was apparently the basis of the relationship between surface charge and swelling. The results can be expressed in terms of the relative vapor pressures at which the transitions were half complete; these pressures increased with surface density of charge, and over the range of surface charge studied, the P/P0 values ranged from 0.943 to 0.974.

Keywords

ElectrolyteLayer chargeSmectiteSwellingVapor pressureX-ray powder diffraction
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 39 , Issue 3 , June 1991 , pp. 234 - 238
Copyright
Copyright © 1991, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Aylmore, L. A. G. Quirk, J. P. and Swine-ford, A., 1962 The structural status of clay systems Clays and Clay Minerals, Proc. 9th Natl. Conf. West Lafayette, Indiana, 1960 New York Pergamon Press 104 – 130.Google Scholar
Bodine, M. W., 1987 CLAYFORM: A Fortran 77 computer program apportioning the constituents in the chemical analysis of a clay or other silicate mineral into a structural formula Computers & Geoscience 13 77 – 88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Emerson, W. W., 1962 The swelling of Ca-montmorillonite due to water absorption. 1. Water uptake in the vapour phase J. Soil Sci 13 31 – 39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kjellander, R., Marčelja, S. and Quirk, J. P., 1988 Attractive double-layer interactions between calcium clay particles J. Colloid and Interface Sci 126 194 – 211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacEwan, D. M. C. Wilson, M. J., Brindley, G. W. and Brown, G., 1980 Interlayer and intercalation complexes of clay minerals Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification London Mineralogical Society 202 – 211.Google Scholar
Mooney, R. W., Keenan, A. C. and Wood, L. A., 1952 Adsorption of water vapour by montmorillonite J. Amer. Chem. Soc 74 1367 – 1374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K., 1954 The swelling of montmorillonites Disc. Faraday Soc 18 120 – 134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. and Serratosa, J. M., 1973 Factors in the weathering of mica to vermiculite Proc. Int. Clay Conf, Madrid, 1972 Madrid Division de Ciencias C.S.I.C. 417 – 432.Google Scholar
Norrish, K. and Hutton, J. T., 1969 An accurate X-ray spectrographic method for the analysis of a wide range of geological samples Geochim. Cosmochim. Act 33 431 – 453.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. and Quirk, J. P., 1954 Crystalline swelling of montmorillonite—Use of electrolytes to control swelling Nature 173 255 – 256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. and Tiller, K. G., 1976 Subplasticity in Australian soils. V. Factors involved and techniques of dispersion Aust. J. Soil R 14 273 – 278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Posner, A. M. and Quirk, J. P., 1964 The adsorption of water from concentrated electrolyte solutions by montmorillonite and illite Proc. Roy. Soc. Lond. Series A 278 35 – 56.Google Scholar
Posner, A. M. and Quirk, J. P., 1964 Changes in basal spacing of montmorillonite in electrolyte solutions J. Colloid Sci 19 798 – 812.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J. P., 1968 Particle interaction and swelling Israel J. Chem 6 213 – 234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J. P., 1986 Soil permeability in relation to sodicity and salinity Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. Lond A316 297 – 317.Google Scholar
Quirk, J. P. and Aylmore, L. A. G., 1971 Domains and quasi-crystalline regions in clay systems Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc 35 652 – 654.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quirk, J. P. and Schofield, R. K., 1955 The effect of electrolyte concentration on soil permeability J. Soil Sc 6 163 – 178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suquet, H., de la Calle, C. and Pezerat, H., 1975 Swelling and structural organization of saponite Clays & Clay Minerals 23 1 – 9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H., 1965 Thermodynamics of interlayer adsorption of water in clays. I. Sodium vermiculite J. Coll. Sci 20 822 – 837.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Viani, B. V., Low, P. F. and Roth, C. B., 1983 Direct measurement of the relation between interlayer force and interlayer distance in the swelling of montmorillonite J. Colloid Interface Sci 96 229 – 244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar