Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-28T00:59:36.107Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Contemporary Pedogenic Formation of Palygorskite in Irrigation-Induced, Saline-Sodic, Shrink-Swell Soils of Maharashtra, India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

S. Hillier  and
A. L. Pharande
S. Hillier*
Affiliation:
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK
A. L. Pharande*
Affiliation:
Macaulay Institute, Craigiebuckler, Aberdeen, AB15 8QH, UK Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Soil Science, Mahatma Phule Agricultural University, Rahuri 413722 District, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India
*
* E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
†Present address: College of Agriculture, Kolhapur-416004, Maharashtra, India
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Increasing use of irrigation in India has exacerbated the problems of soil salinity and sodicity. The present study was undertaken on shrink-swell soils from Maharastra State to determine if changes in soil chemistry due to irrigation have affected the clay mineralogy. Twenty six samples (15 locations) of irrigation-induced, saline-sodic, shrink-swell soils and 27 samples (22 locations) of normal un-irrigated (rain-fed) shrink-swell soils were studied using X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning and transmission electron microscopy (SEM, TEM). The XRPD analysis of the <0.2 µm fraction of rain-fed, shrink-swell soils indicates a predominance of dioctahedral smectite with minor to trace amounts of kaolinite and chlorite. Traces of palygorskite (1–4%) were detected in three samples. In contrast, palygorskite is a common component (1–20%) of the fine-clay fraction of saline-sodic soils. Quantitative analysis of palygorskite by XRPD in whole-soil (<2 mm) samples showed that saline-sodic soils contain up to 20 wt.% of palygorskite, whereas palygorskite was only detectable (1.5 wt.%) in one sample of the rain-fed set. The SEM, TEM, and FTIR confirm the presence of Fe-rich palygorskite in saline-sodic soils and demonstrate that the fibrous palygorskite crystals are exceedingly small (∼0.5 µm long). Delicate palygorskite fibers radiate from the margins of smectite plates suggestive of a pedogenic origin and a close genetic relationship between smectite and palygorskite. The compositions of saturation-paste extracts display a shift from the stability field of smectite in rain-fed soils to that of palygorskite in saline-sodic soils. Thus the occurrence and formation of palygorskite appears to be related to the change in land management from rain-fed to irrigated agriculture. This change has occurred over a period of no more than 40–50 y, implying that palygorskite formation in the irrigated, saline-sodic soils has been an extremely rapid process.

Keywords

BeidelliteIrrigationMontmorillonitePalygorskitePedogenicShrink-swellSoilSmectiteVertisol
Type
Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 56 , Issue 5 , October 2008 , pp. 531 - 548
Copyright
Copyright © The Clay Minerals Society 2009

References

Abtahi, A., 1977 Effect of a saline and alkaline ground water on soil genesis in semi arid southern Iran Soil Science Society of America Journal 41 583–588 10.2136/sssaj1977.03615995004100030032x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arora, P., 1991 Hydrochemical and hydrogeological studies of Faridkot and adjoining areas in Punjab State, India Chandigarh, India Faculty of Science, Punjab University.Google Scholar
Aydemir, S., 2001 Palygorskite-influenced Vertisols and Vertic like soils in the Harran Plain in the Southeastern Turkey College Station, TX 77843, USA Texas A & M University, Soil and Crop Sciences Department 259 pp.Google Scholar
Balpande, S.S. Deshpande, S.B. and Pal, D.K., 1996 Factors and processes of soil degradation in Vertisols of the Purna valley, Maharashtra, India Land Degradation and Development 7 313–324 10.1002/(SICI)1099-145X(199612)7:4<313::AID-LDR236>3.0.CO;2-#.3.0.CO;2-#>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharyya, T. Pal, D.K. and Deshpande, S.B., 1993 Genesis and transformation of minerals in the formation of red (Alfisols) and black (Vertisols) soils on Deccan basalt in the Western Ghats Indian Journal of Soil Science 44 159–171 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1993.tb00442.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bhattacharyya, T. Pal, D.K. and Deshpande, S.B., 1997 Kaolinitic and mixed mineralogy classes of Shrink-swell soils Australian Journal of Soil Research 35 1245–1252 10.1071/S96115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigham, J.M. Jaynes, W.T. and Allen, B.L., 1980 Pedogenic degradation of sepiolite and palygorskite on the Texas high plains Soil Science Society of America Journal 44 159–167 10.2136/sssaj1980.03615995004400010033x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Botha, G.A. and Hughes, J.C., 1992 Pedogenic palygorskite and dolomite in a late Neogene sedimentary succession, northwestern Transvaal, South Africa Geoderma 53 139–154 10.1016/0016-7061(92)90027-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bystrom-Brusewitz, A.M. and Bailey, S.W., 1976 Studies of the Li test to distinguish beidellite and montmorillonite Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1975, Mexico City, Mexico Wilmette Illinois, USA Allied Publishing Ltd 419–428.Google Scholar
Challa, O. Vadivelu, S. and Sehgal, J., 1995 Soils of Maharashtra for optimising land use India National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning Nagpur 25–49.Google Scholar
Chen, T. Xu, H. Lu, A. Xu, X. Peng, S. and Yue, S., 2004 Direct evidence of transformation from smectite to playgorskite: TEM investigation Science in China Series D Earth Sciences 47 985–994 10.1360/03yd0509.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chizhikova, N. P., 2005 Vertisols of Cuba: mineralogical composition and response to agrogenic impacts (plowing, irrigation, and fertilization) Eurasian Soil Science 38 1048–1057.Google Scholar
Cliff, G. and Lorimer, G.W., 1975 The quantitative analysis of thin specimens Journal of Microscopy 103 203–207 10.1111/j.1365-2818.1975.tb03895.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ducloux, J. Delhoume, J.P. Petit, S. and Decarreau, A., 1995 Clay differentiation in Aridisols of northern Mexico Soil Science Society of America Journal 59 269–276 10.2136/sssaj1995.03615995005900010043x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elprince, A.M., 1985 Model for the soil solution composition of an oasis Soil Science Society of America Journal 49 1121–1128 10.2136/sssaj1985.03615995004900050010x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elprince, A.M. Mashhady, A.S. and Aba-Husayan, M.M., 1979 The occurrence of pedogenetic palygorskite (attapulgite) in Saudi Arabia Soil Science 128 211–218 10.1097/00010694-197910000-00004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghosh, S.K. and Kapoor, B.S. (1982) Clay minerals in Indian soils. Pp. 703–710 in: Review of Soil Research in India. Transactions of the 12th International Congress of Soil Science, 2.Google Scholar
Greene-Kelly, R., 1953 The identification of montmorillonoids in clays Journal of Soil Science 4 233–237 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1953.tb00657.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, H. and Oinuma, K., 1964 Behaviours of clay minerals in treatment with hydrochloric acid, formamide and hydrogen peroxide Clay Science 2 75–91.Google Scholar
Heidari, A. and Mahmoodi, S., 2006 Mineralogical characteristics and some physical indices of non-smectitic Vertisols from Iran Geophysical Research Abstracts 8 02012.Google Scholar
Hillier, S., 1999 Use of an air-brush to spray dry samples for X-ray powder diffraction Clay Minerals 34 127–135 10.1180/000985599545984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiller, S., Worden, R. H. and Morad, S., 2003 Quantitative analysis of clay and other minerals in sandstones by X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) Clay Mineral Cements in Sandstones Oxford, UK Blackwell Scientific Ltd 213–251.Google Scholar
Jacks, G. Bhattacharya, P. Chaudhary, V. and Singh, K.P., 2005 Controls on the genesis of some high-fluoride groundwaters in India Applied Geochemistry 20 221–228 10.1016/j.apgeochem.2004.07.002.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jaglan, M.S. and Qureshi, M.H., 1996 Irrigation development and its environmental consequences in arid regions of India Environmental Management 20 323–336 10.1007/BF01203841.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, B.F. Galan, E. and Bailey, S.W., 1988 Sepiolite and palygorskite Hydrous Phyllosilicates Washington D.C Mineralogical Society of America 631–674 10.1515/9781501508998-021.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kapur, S. Karaman, C. Akca, E. Aydin, M. Dinc, U. Fitzpatrick, E.A. Pagliai, M. Kalmar, D. and Mermut, A.R., 1997 Similarities and differences of the spheroidal microstructure in Vertisols from Turkey and Israel Catena 278 297–311 10.1016/S0341-8162(96)00044-6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khademi, H. and Mermut, A.R., 1998 Source of palygorskite in gypsiferous Aridisols and associated sediments from central Iran Clay Minerals 33 561–578 10.1180/claymin.1998.033.4.04.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khresat, S.A. and Taimeh, A.Y., 1998 Properties and characterization of Vertisols developed on limestone in a semi-arid environment Journal of Arid Environments 40 235–244 10.1006/jare.1998.0445.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kowsar, S.A., 2005 Abkhandari (Aquifer Management): a Green Path to the Sustainable Development of Marginal Drylands Journal of Mountain Science 2 233–243 10.1007/BF02973197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krekeler, M.P.S. Hammerly, E. Rakovan, J. and Guggenheim, S., 2005 Microscopy studies of the palygorskite-to-smectite transformation Clays and Clay Minerals 53 92–99 10.1346/CCMN.2005.0530109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Long, D.G.F. McDonald, A.M. Facheng, Y. Houjei, L. Zili, Z. and Xu, T., 1997 Palygorskite in palaeosols from the Miocene Xiacaowan Formation of Jiangsu and Anhui Provinces, P.R. China Sedimentary Geology 112 281–295 10.1016/S0037-0738(97)00043-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackenzie, R.C., 1990 The importance of soil clay mineralogy in determining soil properties and fertility Notes compiled for a course of lectures delivered at the Facoltà di Agraria in Portici Italy Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II 96 pp.Google Scholar
Mackenzie, R.C. Wilson, M.J. Mashhady, A.S., Singer, A. and Galán, E., 1984 Origin of palygorskite insome soils of the Arabian Peninsula Palygorskite-Sepiolite: Occurrences, Genesis and Uses Amsterdam Elsevier 177–186.Google Scholar
Mashhady, A.S. Reda, M. Wilson, M.J. and Mackenzie, R.C., 1980 Clay and silt mineralogy of some soils from Qasim, Saudi Arabia Journal of Soil Science 31 101–115 10.1111/j.1365-2389.1980.tb02068.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Monger, H.C. and Daugherty, L.A., 1991 Neoformation of palygorskite in a Southern New Mexico Aridisol Soil Science Society of America Journal 55 1646–1650 10.2136/sssaj1991.03615995005500060024x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moore, D.M. and Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1997 X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals 2 New York Oxford University Press 378 pp.Google Scholar
Murthy, A.S.P. and Stewart, B.A., 1988 Distribution, properties, and management of Vertisols of India Advances in Soil Science New York Springer Verlag 151–214 10.1007/978-1-4613-8771-8_4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Naidu, D.R., 1993 Distribution, properties and management of sodic soils: anintroduction Australian Journal of Soil Research 31 681–682 10.1071/SR9930681.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neaman, A. and Singer, A., 2000 Kinetics of palygorskite hydrolysis indilute salt solutions Clay Minerals 35 433–441 10.1180/000985500546783.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neaman, A. and Singer, A., 2004 The effects of palygorskite onchemical and physico-chemical properties of soils: a review Geoderma 123 297–303 10.1016/j.geoderma.2004.02.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neaman, A. Singer, A. and Stahr, K., 1999 Clay mineralogy as affecting dissaggregation in some palygorskite containing soils of the Jordan and Bet-She’an valleys Australian Journal of Soil Research 37 913–928 10.1071/SR98118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pal, D.K. and Deshpande, S.B., 1987 Characteristics and genesis of minerals in some benchmark Vertisols of India Pedologie 37 259–275.Google Scholar
Pal, D.K. Bhattacharyya, T. Deshpande, S.B. Sarma, V.A.K. and Velayutham, M., 2000 Significance of Minerals in the Soil Environment of India Nagpur, India NBSS and LUP 68 pp.Google Scholar
Pal, D.K. Bhattacharyya, T. Ray, S.K. Chandran, P. Srivastava, P. Durge, S.L. and Bhuse, S.R., 2006 Significance of soil modifiers (Ca-zeolites and gypsum) in naturally degraded Vertisols of the Peninsular India in redefining the sodic soils Geoderma 136 210–228 10.1016/j.geoderma.2006.03.020.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paquet, H., 1983 Stability, instability and significance of attapulgite in the Calcretes of Mediterranean and tropical areas with marked dry season Science Geology Memoir, Strasbourg 72 131–140.Google Scholar
Paquet, H. and Millot, G. (1973) Geochemical evolution of clay minerals in the weathered products in soils of Mediterranean climate. Pp. 199–206 in: Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, 1972, (Serratosa, J.M., editor). Madrid.Google Scholar
Patil, D.N. and Surana, A.P., 1992 Origin of the calcrete deposits of Saswad-Nira area, Western Maharashrta Journal of the Geological Society of India 39 105–117.Google Scholar
Pharande, A.L. and Sonar, K.R., 1997 Clay mineralogy of some Vertisol soil series of Maharashtra Journal of the Indian Society of Soil Science 45 373–377.Google Scholar
Pharande, A., Hillier, S., Cotter-Howells, J., and Roe, M. (2000) Possible effects of irrigation on the clay mineralogy of Vertisols from Maharashtra, India. Abstracts of the 37thAnnual Meeting of the Clay Minerals Society, Loyola University, Chicago.Google Scholar
Ramaswamy, P. and Rao, B.R., 1967 Palygorskite in Korvi earth, Mysore Clay Minerals 7 116–119 10.1180/claymin.1967.007.1.12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reynolds, R.C. Jr., 1985 NEWMOD: A computer program for the calculation of the one-dimensional patterns of mixed-layered clays 8 Brook Rd., Hanover, New Hampshire, USA Published by the author.Google Scholar
Rogers, L.E. Martin, A.E. and Norrish, K., 1954 The occurrence of palygorskite near Ipswich, Queensland Mineralogical Magazine 30 534–540 10.1180/minmag.1954.030.227.07.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roy, A. and Chatterjee, A.K., 1998 Deccan basalts and its mineralogical alterations in the central and western peninsular India Clay Research 17 72–89.Google Scholar
Russell, J.D. Fraser, A.R. and Wilson, M.J., 1994 Infrared methods Clay Mineralogy: Spectroscopic and Chemical Determinative Methods London Chapman & Hall 11–67 10.1007/978-94-011-0727-3_2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shirsath, S.K. Bhattacharyya, T. and Pal, D.K., 2000 Minimum threshold value of smectite for vertic properties Australian Journal of Soil Research 38 189–201 10.1071/SR99051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shrivastava, J.P. Salil, M.S. and Pattanayak, S.K., 2000 Clay mineralogy of Ir-bearing Anjar Intertrappeans, Kutch, Gujarat, India: Inferences on palaeoenvironment Journal of the Geological Society of India 55 197–206.Google Scholar
Siddiqui, M.K.H., 1967 Palygorskite clays from Andhra Pradesh, India Clay Minerals 7 120–123 10.1180/claymin.1967.007.1.13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siddiqui, M.K.H., Singer, A. and Galán, E., 1984 Occurrence of palygorskite in the Deccan Trap formation in India Palygorskite-Sepiolite, Occurrences, Genesis and Uses Amsterdam Elsevier 243–250.Google Scholar
Singer, A., Singer, A. and Galán, E., 1984 Pedogenic palygorskite in the arid environment Palygorskite-Sepiolite Amsterdam Elsevier 169–175.Google Scholar
Singer, A., Dixonand, J.B. and Schulze, D.G., 2002 Palygorskite and sepiolite Soil Mineralogy with Environmental Applications Madison, Wisconsin, USA Soil Science Society of America 555–583.Google Scholar
Singer, A. and Norrish, K., 1974 Pedogenic palygorskite occurrences in Australia American Mineralogist 59 508–517.Google Scholar
Srivastava, P. Bhattacharyya, T. and Pal, D.K., 2002 Significance of the formation of calcium carbonate minerals in the pedogenesis and management of cracking clay soils (Vertisols) of India Clays and Clay Minerals 50 111–126 10.1346/000986002761002874.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tazaki, K. Fyfe, W.S. Tsuji, M. and Katayama, K., 1987 TEM observationof the smectite-to-palygorskite transition indeep Pacific sediments Applied Clay Science 2 233–240 10.1016/0169-1317(87)90033-0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Varade, S.B. and Palaskar, M.S., 1985 Characteristics and reclamation of salt affected Vertisols in Canal Commands Journal of Maharashtra Agricultural University 10 115–120.Google Scholar
Watts, N.L., 1980 Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (South Africa): mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis Sedimentology 27 661–686 10.1111/j.1365-3091.1980.tb01654.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Pollard, L.D., 1973 The Chemistry of Clay Minerals New York Elsevier 213 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J. and Wilson, M.J., 1987 X-ray powder diffraction methods A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy London Chapman & Hall 26–98.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J., Schultz, L.G. van Olphen, H. and Mumpton, F.A., 1987 Soil smectites and related interstratified minerals: recent developments Proceedings of the International Clay Conference, Denver Bloomington, Indiana, USA The Clay Minerals Society 167–173.Google Scholar
Yaalon, D.H. and Wieder, M., 1976 Pedogenic palygorskite in some arid brown (Calciorthid) soils of Israel Clay Minerals 11 73–80 10.1180/claymin.1976.011.1.08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar