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Characterization of Mg-Saponites Synthesized from Gels Containing Amounts of Na+, K+, Rb+, Ca2+, Ba2+, or Ce4+ Equivalent to The CEC of the Saponite

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

J. Theo Kloprogge ,
Johan Breukelaar ,
John W. Geus  and
J. Ben H. Jansen
J. Theo Kloprogge*
Affiliation:
Department of Geochemistry, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
Johan Breukelaar
Affiliation:
Koninklijke/Shell-Laboratorium Amsterdam (Shell Research B.V.), P.O. Box 3003, 1003 AA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
John W. Geus
Affiliation:
Department of Inorganic Chemistry, University of Utrecht, P.O. Box 80.083, 3508 TB Utrecht, The Netherlands
J. Ben H. Jansen*
Affiliation:
Department of Geochemistry, Institute of Earth Sciences, University of Utrecht, Budapestlaan 4, P.O. Box 80.021, 3508 TA Utrecht, The Netherlands
*
**Present address: TPD-TNO, Department of Inorganic Materials Chemistry,P.O. Box 595, 5600 AN Eindhoven, The Netherlands
***Present address: Bowagemi b.v., Prinses Beatrixlaan 20, 3972 AN Driebergen, The Netherlands
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Abstract

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Saponites were hydrothermally grown in the presence of amounts of NH4+, Na+, K+, Rb+, Ca2+, Ba2+, and Ce4+ equivalent with the CEC of the saponite (155 meq/100 g), with or without F−, at a temperature of 200°C for 72 hr. XRD and CEC data revealed the formation of a two-water-layer saponite with mainly Mg2+ as interlayer cation. Dehydration occurred between 25° and 450°C and dehydroxylation occurred in two steps between 450° and 790°C and between 790° and 890°C. The relatively small length of the b-axis between 9.151 and 9.180 Å is explained by considerable octahedral Al substitution (between 0.28 and 0.70 per three sites) and minor tetrahedral Al substitution (between 0.28 and 0.58 per four sites). Under the synthesis conditions applied in this study, less than 13% of the interlayer sites are occupied by Na+, K+, and Rb+; between 13.3% and 21% by Ca2+ and Ba2+; while NH4+ gives the highest value at 34%. The remaining sites are mainly filled by Mg2+. Ce4+ is not found in the saponite structure due to the formation of cerianite, CeO2. The presence of F− had little influence on the saponite composition. The formation of Mg-saponites is explained by a model in which an increased bayerite formation resulting in a higher octahedral Al3+ substitution and more Mg2+ in solution. Mg2+ is preferentially incorporated compared with the other interlayer cations due to its smallest ionic radius in combination with its 2 + charge.

Keywords

Cation exchange capacitySaponiteSynthesisThermal analysisX-ray powder diffraction
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 42 , Issue 1 , February 1994 , pp. 18 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © 1994, Clay Minerals Society

Footnotes

*

This paper is a joint contribution of the Debye Institute, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands and Shell Research B.V.

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