Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gvvz8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-17T08:52:21.099Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Boxwork Fabric of Halloysite-Rich Kaolin Formed by Weathering of Anorthosite in the Sancheong Area, Korea

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Gi Young Jeong  and
Soo Jin Kim
Gi Young Jeong
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Andong National University, P.O. Box 203, Andong 760-600, Seoul, Korea
Soo Jin Kim
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, Korea
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Boxwork fabric in which numerous thin or thick halloysite walls are interconnected into a microscopically porous cellular pattern is widely developed in the halloysite-rich kaolin formed by weathering of anorthosite in Sancheong, Korea. Studies using optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy have been carried out in order to elucidate the detailed features and origin of the boxwork.

In the early stage of weathering, halloysite spheres formed in etch pits on the walls of microstructural discontinuities in the slightly weathered rock. With further weathering, the halloysite spheres grew to discs or flattened globules, which in turn coalesced to form large planar halloysite plates amid narrow fissures. The halloysite plates were detached by dissolution of the plagioclase in groundwater. Continued growth of the halloysite tubes in the plates resulted in the wrinkling of the plates. Finally, the plagioclase was completely dissolved by groundwater, leaving the boxwork of wrinkled halloysite walls and large pores. The relatively high rigidity of the boxwork is due to the compact agglomeration of halloysite tubes within the wrinkled halloysite walls.

Cation balance calculation shows that Al was significantly mobilized during the formation of the boxwork in the weathering environment. The well-developed microfissures, the high dissolution rate of the calcic plagioclase, and the rapid flow of groundwater in a mountainous topography with relatively steep (20°) slope have been the factors controlling the formation of the porous boxwork in the halloysite-rich kaolin of the Sancheong area.

Keywords

AnorthositeBoxwork fabricHalloysiteKaolinScanning electron microscopyTransmission electron microscopy
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 41 , Issue 1 , February 1993 , pp. 56 - 65
Copyright
Copyright © 1993, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Anand, R. R., Gilkes, R. J., Armitage, T. M. and Hillyer, J. W., 1985 Feldspar weathering in lateritic saprolite Clays & Clay Minerals 33 31 – 43 10.1346/CCMN.1985.0330104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banfield, J. F. and Eggleton, R. A., 1990 Analytical transmission electron microscope studies of plagioclase, mus-covite, and K-feldspar weathering Clays & Clay Minerals 38 77 – 89 10.1346/CCMN.1990.0380111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bates, R. L. and Jackson, J A eds, 1980 Glossary of Geology 2nd ed. Falls Church, Virginia American Geological Institute.Google Scholar
Berner, R. A. and Holdren, G. R. Jr., 1977 Mechanism of feldspar weathering: I. Some observational evidence Geology 5 369 – 372 10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5<369:MOFWSO>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berner, R. A. and Holdren, G. R. Jr., 1979 Mechanism of feldspar weathering: II. Observations of feldspars from soils Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1173 – 1186 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90110-8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christie, J. M., Ardell, A. J. and Wenk, H.-R., 1976 Deformation structures in minerals Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy New York Springer-Verlag 374 – 403 10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleaves, E. T., 1983 Chemical weathering in a humid temperate environment Sci. Géol. Mém 72 47 – 55.Google Scholar
Delvjgne, J., 1983 Micromorphology of the alteration and weathering of pyroxenes in the Koua Bocca ultramafic intrusion, Ivory Coast, western Africa Sci. Géol., Mém 72 57 – 68.Google Scholar
Eggleton, R. A. and Buseck, P. R., 1980 High-resolution electron microscopy of feldspar weathering Clays & Clay Minerals 28 173 – 178 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritz, S. J. and Mohr, D. W., 1984 Chemical alteration in the micro weathering environment within a spheroidally-weathered anorthosite boulder Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 48 2527 – 2535 10.1016/0016-7037(84)90303-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, L. R., 1980 Mobilization of Al and Ti during weathering—Isovolumetric geochemical evidence Chem. Geol 30 151 – 166 10.1016/0009-2541(80)90122-9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilkes, R. J., Suddhiprakarn, A. and Armitage, T. M., 1980 Scanning electron microscope morphology of deeply weathered granite Clays & Clay Minerals 28 29 – 34 10.1346/CCMN.1980.0280104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holdren, G. R. and Berner, R. T., 1979 Mechanism of feldspar weathering: I. Experimental studies Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 43 1161 – 1171 10.1016/0016-7037(79)90109-1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hsu, P. H., Dixon, J. B. and Weed, S. B., 1989 Aluminum hydroxides and oxyhydroxides Minerals in Soil Environments 331 – 378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. H. and Keller, W. D., 1972 Geochemical mechanism for the dissolution, transport and deposition of aluminum in the zone of weathering Clays & Clay Minerals 20 69 – 74 10.1346/CCMN.1972.0200203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W. H. and Kiang, W. C., 1972 Laboratory dissolution of palgioclase feldspars in water and organic acids at room temperature Amer. Mineral 57 1849 – 1859.Google Scholar
Jeong, G. Y., 1987 Mineralogy and genesis of kaolin from Sancheong area .Google Scholar
Jeong, G. Y., 1992 Mineralogy and genesis of kaolin in the Sancheong district, Korea .Google Scholar
Jeong, J. G., 1980 Petrogenesis of anorthosite and related rocks in Hadong-Sancheong district, Korea .Google Scholar
Jeong, J. G., Lee, S. M. and Kim, H. S., 1987 Regional metamorphism of anorthositic rocks in Hadong-Sancheong area Memoirs in Celebration of the Sixtieth Birthday of Professor Sang Man Lee 87 – 106.Google Scholar
Keller, W. D., 1977 Scan electron micrographs of kaolins collected from diverse environments of origin—IV. Georgia kaolin and kaolinizing source rocks Clays & Clay Minerals 25 311 – 345 10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250501.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W. D., 1977 Scan electron micrographs of kaolins collected from diverse environments of origin—V. Kaolins collected in Australia and Japan on trips of the 6th and 7th clay conference Clays & Clay Minerals 25 347 – 364 10.1346/CCMN.1977.0250502.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W. D., 1978 Kaolinization of feldspar as displayed in scanning electron micrographs Geology 6 184 – 188 10.1130/0091-7613(1978)6<184:KOFADI>2.0.CO;2.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keller, W. D., 1978 Diaspore recrystallized at low temperature Amer. Mineral 63 326 – 329.Google Scholar
Kim, O. J., Hong, M. S., Park, H. I., Park, Y. D., Kim, K. T. and Yoon, S., 1964 Geological map of Sancheong sheet (1:50,000) with explanatory text .Google Scholar
Kim, S. J., Jeong, G. Y., Lee, S. J., Kwon, S. K., Gu, J., Yuan, J. and Chen, J., 1989 Mineralogy and genesis of kaolin deposits in Hadong-Sancheong area, Korea Proc. 2nd World Cong. Non-metallic Minerals, 1989 Beijing, China International Academic Publishers 87 – 92.Google Scholar
Korea Meteorological Service, Climatic Summary of Korea 1985.Google Scholar
Krauskopf, K. B., 1967 Introduction to Geochemistry New York McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Kwon, S. T. and Jeong, J. G., 1990 Preliminary Sr-Nd isotope study of the Hadong-Sanchung anorthositic rocks in Korea: Implications for their origin and for the Precam-brian tectonics J. Geol. Soc. Korea 26 341 – 349.Google Scholar
Marion, G. M., Hendricks, D. M., Dutt, G. R. and Fuller, W. H., 1976 Aluminum and silica solubility in soils Soil Sci 121 76 – 85 10.1097/00010694-197602000-00003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCormick, J. W. and Wenk, H.-R., 1976 Computer simulation of dislocation images in quartz Electron Microscopy in Mineralogy New York Springer-Verlag 113 – 122 10.1007/978-3-642-66196-9_5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nordstrom, D. K. and Munoz, J. L., 1985 Geochemiccal thermodynamics Menlo Park, California The Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co..Google Scholar
Parisot, J. C., Delvigne, J. and Groke, M. C. T., 1983 Petrographical aspects of the supergene weathering of garnet in the “Serra Dos Carajas” (Para, Brazil): Sci. Géol. Mém 72 141 – 148.Google Scholar
Peterson, L. and Buurman, P., 1984 The podzol concept Podzols New York Van Nostrand Reinhold Co. 12 – 20.Google Scholar
Petrovich, R., 1981 Kinetics of dissolution of mechanically comminuted rock-forming oxides and silicates: II. Deformation and dissolution of oxides and silicates in the laboratory and at the Earth’s surface Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 45 1675 – 1686 10.1016/0016-7037(81)90003-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sang, K. N., 1980 Mineralogy and genesis of halloysite deposits at the Hadong-Sancheong area .Google Scholar
Sen, A. K. and Guha, S., 1987 The geochemistry of the weathering sequences—present and past—in and around the Pottangi and Panchpatmali bauxite-bearing plateaus, Orissa, India Chem. Geol 63 233 – 274 10.1016/0009-2541(87)90166-5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stumm, W. and Morgan, J. J., 1981 Aquatic Chemistry 2nd ed. New York John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Tazaki, K., Mortland, M. M. and Farmer, V. C., 1978 Micromorphology of halloysite produced by weathering of plagioclase in volcanic ash Proc. 6th Int. Clay Conf., Oxford, 1978 Amsterdam Elsevier 415 – 422.Google Scholar
Tazaki, K. and Fyfe, W. S., 1987 Primitive clay precursors formed on feldspar Can. J. Ear. Sci 24 506 – 527 10.1139/e87-051.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Velbel, M. A., 1989 Weathering of hornblende to ferruginous products by a dissolution-precipitation mechanism: Petrography and stoichiometry Clays & Clay Minerals 37 515 – 524 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370603.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walton, A. G., 1968 The Formation and Properties of Precipitates New York Interscience Publishers.Google Scholar