Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-lj6df Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T01:20:57.507Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Biomineralization of Layer Silicates and Hydrated Fe/Mn Oxides In Microbial Mats: An Electron Microscopical Study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 February 2024

Kazue Tazaki
Kazue Tazaki*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa 920-11, Japan
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The formation of layer silicates on capsuled bacterial cell walls was studied in freshwater microbial mats. The trends associated with Al, Si, Mn and Fe deposits with capsules are consistent with occurrence of layer silicates with 14, 10 and 7 Å X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns. Scanning electron microscope and transmission electron microscope (SEM and TEM) observations of the microbial mats revealed the presence of microcolonies of rod- and coccus-shaped bacteria with layer-silicate thin films. Field measurements of pH, temperature and Eh indicated that these conditions for bacterial crystallization of layer silicates and hydrated Fe/Mn oxides in freshwaters are as follows: pH 6.3 to 7.8, 12 to 20 °C and Eh −24 to +200 mV. Glass slides kept for 3 weeks in the beakers with natural freshwater and river sediments were coated with brown materials. These materials were identified as layer silicates and colonized bacteria formed under photosynthetic conditions. The well-developed holdfasts on Leptothrix discophora bacterial cells are mainly associated with poorly crystalline layer silicates and hydrated Fe-Mn oxides. Semiquantitative elemental analyses of holdfasts using energy-dispersive X-rays (EDX) indicated that layer-silicate crystallization covers the cell at an early stage. Iron and manganese crystallization develops at a later stage, where aluminum substitution occurs in crystal structures. Laboratory experimental results indicated that layer silicates grew from a biochemical origin, rather than from inorganic origins in freshwater. Layer-silicate formation is linked with bacteria in microbial mats.

Keywords

Bacterial CellElectron MicroscopyFreshwaterHydrated Fe-Mn OxidesLayer SilicatesMicrobial Mats
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 45 , Issue 2 , April 1997 , pp. 203 - 212
Copyright
Copyright © 1997, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Amouric, M. and Parron, C.. 1985. Structure and growth mechanisms of glauconite as seen by high resolution transmission electron microscopy. Clays Clay Miner 33: 474–482.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beveridge, T.J. and Fyfe, W.S.. 1985. Metal fixation by bacterial cell wall. Can J Earth Sci 22: 1893–1898.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beveridge, T.J. and Murray, R.G.E.. 1976. Uptake and retention of metal by cell walls of Bacillus subtilis. J Bacteriol 127: 1502–1518.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burdige, D.J. and Kepkay, P.E.. 1983. Determination of bacterial Mn oxidation rates in sediments using an in situ dialysis technique. I. Laboratory studies. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47: 1907–1916.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cairns-Smith, A.G.. 1982. Genetic takeover and the mineral origins of life. London: Cambridge Univ Pr. 477 p.Google Scholar
Chapnick, S.D., Moore, W.S. and Nealson, K.H.. 1982. Microbiologically mediated manganese oxidation in a fresh water lake. Limnol Oceanogr 27: 1004–1014.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, J.P. and Bruland, K.W.. 1985. Metal deposits associated with bacteria: Implications for Fe and Mn marine biogeochemistry. Deep Sea Res 32: 253–272.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowen, J.P., Massoth, G.J. and Baker, E.T.. 1986. Bacterial scavenging of Mn and Fe in a mid- to far-field hydrothermal particle plume. Nature 322: 169–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doyle, G.J. and Marquis, R.E.. 1994. Elastic, flexible peptidoglycan and bacterial cell wall properties. Trends Microbio 2: 57–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ehrlich, H.L.. 1981. Geomicrobiology. New York: Marcel Dekker. 424 p.Google Scholar
Emerson, D. and Revsbech, N.P.. 1994a. Investigation of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat community located near Aarhus, Denmark: Field studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 4022–4031.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emerson, D. and Revsbech, N.P.. 1994b. Investigation of an iron-oxidizing microbial mat community located near Aarhus, Denmark: Laboratory studies. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 4032–4038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferris, F.G., Fyfe, W.S. and Beveridge, T.J.. 1987. Bacteria as nucleation sites for authigenic minerals in a metal contaminated lake sediment. Chem Geol 63: 225–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferris, F.G., Fyfe, W.S. and Beveridge, T.J.. 1988. Metallic ion binding by Bacillus subtilis: Implications for the fossilization of microorganisms. Geology 16: 149–152.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filip, Z.. 1979. Wechselwirkungen von Mikroorganismen und Tonmineralen—eine Übersicht. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenernährung und Bodenkunde 142: 375–386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golden, D.C., Chen, C.C., Dixon, J.B. and Tokashiki, Y.. 1988. Pseudomorphic replacement of manganese oxides by iron oxides. Geoderma 42: 199–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hem, J.D. and Lind, C.J.. 1983. Nonequilibrium models for predicting forms of precipitated manganese oxides. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 47: 2037–2046.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, B., Singer, A. and Stoffers, P.. 1994. Biogenic nontronite from marine white smoker chimneys. Clays Clay Miner 42: 689–701.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Konhauser, K.O., Fyfe, W.S., Ferris, F.G. and Beveridge, T.J.. 1993. Metal sorption and mineral precipitation by bacteria in two Amazonian river systems: Rio Solimoes and Rio Negro. Brazil Geol 21: 1103–1106.2.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larock, P.A. and Ehrlich, H.L.. 1975. Observations of bacteria microcolonies on the surface of ferromanganese nodules from Blake Plateau by scanning electron microscopy. Microbial Ecol 2: 84–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mann, H. and Fyfe, W.S.. 1984. An experimental study of algal uptake of U, Ba, V, Co and Ni from dilute solutions. Chem Geol 44: 385–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, H. and Fyfe, W.S.. 1985. Uranium uptake by algae: Experimental and natural environments. Can J Earth Sci 22: 1899–1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, H. and Fyfe, W.S.. 1989. Metal uptake and Fe-, Ti-oxide biomineralization by acidophilic microorganisms in mine-waste environments, Elliot Lake, Canada. Can J Earth Sci 26: 2731–2735.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mann, H., Tazaki, K., Fyfe, W.S. and Kerrich, R.. 1992. Microbial accumulation of iron and manganese in different aquatic environments: An electron optical study. In: Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors. Biomineralization; Processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl 21: 115–131.Google Scholar
Mustoe, G.E.. 1981. Bacterial oxidation of manganese and iron in a modern cold spring. Geol Soc Am Bull Part 1, 92: 147–153.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nealson, K.H. and Tebo, B.. 1980. Structural features of manganese precipitating bacteria. Origins Life 10: 117–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Payne, S.M.. 1993. Iron acquisition in microbial pathogenesis. Trends Microbiol 1: 66–69.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pracejus, B. and Bolton, B.R.. 1992. Interdependence of Mn, Fe, and clay mineral formation on Groote Eylandt, Australia: A model for modern and ancient weathering environments. In: Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors. Biomineralization; Processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl 21: 371–397.Google Scholar
Robbins, E.I., D'Agostino, J.P., Ostwald, J., Fanning, D.S., Carter, V. and Van Hoven, R.L.. 1992. Manganese nodules and microbial oxidation of manganese in the Huntley Meadows wetland, Virginia, USA. In: Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors. Biomineralization; Processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl 21: 179–202.Google Scholar
Schindler, J.. 1993. Dynamics of Bacillus colony growth. Micro Biol 1: 333–337.Google ScholarPubMed
Schmidt, F.G. and Robbins, E.I.. 1992. New evidence of an organic contribution to manganese precipitation in iron-formation and review of sedimentary conditions in the Cuyuna north range, Minnesota. In: Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors. Biomineralization; Processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl 21: 399–419.Google Scholar
Skinner, H.C.W. and Fitzpatrick, R.W.. 1992. Iron and manganese biomineralization. In: Skinner, H.C.W., Fitzpatrick, R.W., editors. Biomineralization; Processes of iron and manganese. Catena Suppl 21: 1–6.Google Scholar
Snowball, I.F.. 1994. Bacterial magnetite and the magnetic properties of sediments in a Swedish lake. Earth Planet Sci Lett 126: 129–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tanaka, A., Seyama, H. and Soma, M.. 1994. Iron- and manganese-rich sediments as an indicator of hot spring activities at the bottom of Lake Mashu, Japan. Geochem J 28: 289–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tazaki, K.. 1995. Electron microscopic observation of bio-mineralization in biomats from hot springs. J Geol Soc Jpn 101: 304–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tazaki, K., Hattori, T., Oka, M. and Iizumi, S.. 1995. Incipient stages of microbial manganese nodule precipitation in freshwater. J Geol Soc Jpn 101: 87–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thamdrup, B., Glud, R.N. and Hansen, J.W.. 1994. Manganese oxidation and in situ manganese fluxes from a coastal sediment. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58: 2563–2570.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tunnicliffe, V. and Fontaine, A.R.. 1987. Faunal composition and organic surface encrustations at hydrothermal vents on the southern Juan de Fuca Ridge. J Geophys Res 33: 303–311.Google Scholar
Usui, A. and Mita, N.. 1995. Geochemistry and mineralogy of modern buserite deposit from a hot spring in Hokkaido, Japan. Clays Clay Miner 43: 116–127.CrossRefGoogle Scholar