Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-19T03:23:27.222Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Baseline studies of the clay minerals society special clays: Specific surface area by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) method

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2024

Meral Dogan ,
A. Umran Dogan ,
F. Irem Yesilyurt ,
Dogan Alaygut ,
Ira Buckner  and
Dale Eric Wurster
Meral Dogan*
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
A. Umran Dogan
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
F. Irem Yesilyurt
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Department of Geological Engineering, Aksaray University, Aksaray, Turkey
Dogan Alaygut
Affiliation:
Department of Geological Engineering, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey Turkish National Petroleum Corporation, TPAO, Ankara, Turkey
Ira Buckner
Affiliation:
College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
Dale Eric Wurster
Affiliation:
Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA College of Pharmacy, University of Iowa, Iowa, USA
*
*E-mail address of corresponding author: [email protected]
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

The Clay Minerals Society published a complete characterization scheme for its ‘Source Clays’ but not for its ‘Special Clays’. To address this issue, the specific surface areas (SSAs) of the 16 special clays from The Clay Minerals Society were determined using the Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) method of adsorption of an inert gas. Two BET measurements were performed for each of the 16 special clays, and the average BET SSA of each of the special clays was determined. The BET SSA of cookeite is reported for the first time. In the present study, special clays from The Clay Minerals Society are classified under three groups based on their BET special surface area values as Group-I special clays, with BET values of 0.1–10 m2/g, Group-II special clays, with BET values of 10–100 m2/g, and Group-III special clays, with BET values >100 m2/g. Comparisons which proved interesting were the those involving the mixed-layer clays and the synthetic clays. The systematic approach employed in this paper will allow for better comparisons to be made between different clays and will provide a comprehensive database for future applications of such material (e.g. as catalyst carriers, as adsorbents in waste treatments, etc.).

Keywords

BeidelliteBETCookeiteIlliteIllite-smectiteMontmorilloniteNontroniteRectoriteRipidoliteSpecial ClaysSpecific Surface AreaSynthetic HectoriteLaponite
Type
Research Article
Information
Clays and Clay Minerals , Volume 55 , Issue 5 , October 2007 , pp. 534 - 541
Copyright
Copyright © 2007, The Clay Minerals Society

References

Alcover, J.F. Qi, Y. Al-Mukhtar, M. Bonnamy, S. and Bergaya, F., (2000) Hydromechanical effects: (I) on the Na-smectite microtexture Clay Minerals 35 525–536 10.1180/000985500546990.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Mukhtar, M. Qi, Y. Alcover, J.F. and Bergaya, F., (1999) Oedometric and water-retention behavior of highly compacted unsaturated smectites Canadian Geotechnical Journal 36 675–684 10.1139/t99-035.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auer, H. and Hofmann, H., (1993) Pillared clays — characterization of acidity and catalytic properties and comparison with some zeolites Applied Catalysis A — General 97 23–38 10.1016/0926-860X(93)80064-W.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Avena, M.J. Valenti, L.E. Pfaffen, V. and De Pauli, C.P., (2001) Methylene blue dimerization does not interfere in surface-area measurements of kaolinite and soils Clays and Clay Minerals 49 168–173 10.1346/CCMN.2001.0490206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, S.W., (1975) Cation ordering and pseudosymmetry in layer silicates American Mineralogist 60 175–187.Google Scholar
Brunauer, S. Emmett, P.H. and Teller, E., (1938) Adsorption of gases in multimolecular layers Journal of the American Chemical Society 60 309–319 10.1021/ja01269a023.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carrado, K.A. Thiyagarajan, P. and Elder, D.L., (1996) Polyvinyl alcohol clay complexes formed by direct synthesis Clays and Clay Minerals 44 506–514 10.1346/CCMN.1996.0440409.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cleveland, G.B. (1960) Geology of the Otay bentonite deposit, San Diego County, California. Special Report 64, California Division of Mines, 16.Google Scholar
Delacaillerie, J.B.D. and Fripiat, J.J., (1991) Dealumination and aluminum intercalation of vermiculite Clays and Clay Minerals 39 270–280 10.1346/CCMN.1991.0390307.Google Scholar
Dogan, A.U. Dogan, M. Onal, M. Sarikaya, Y. Aburub, A. and Wurster, D.E., (2006) Baseline studies of The Clay Minerals Society source clays: SSA by the Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET) Method Clays and Clay Minerals 54 62–66 10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Du, D.Y. Zhao, X.R. and Lu, X.H., (2005) Comparison of conventional and microwave-assisted synthesis and characteristics of aluminum-pillared rectorite Journal of Wuhan University of Technology — Materials Science Edition 20 53–56 10.1007/BF02838488.Google Scholar
Elsner, M. Schwarzenbach, R.P. and Haderlein, S.B., (2004) Reactivity of Fe(II)-bearing minerals toward reductive transformation of organic contaminants Environmental Science & Technology 38 799–807 10.1021/es0345569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmett, P.H. and Brunauer, S., (1937) The use of low temperature van der Waals’ adsorption isotherms in determining the surface areas of various adsorbents Journal of American Chemical Society 59 2682–2689 10.1021/ja01291a060.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feng, J.Y. Hu, X.J. Yue, P.L. Zhu, H.Y. and Lu, G.Q., (2003) Discoloration and mineralization of reactive red HE-3B by heterogeneous photo-Fenton reaction Water Research 37 3776–3784 10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00268-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Feng, J.Y. Hu, X.J. Yue, P.L. Zhu, H.Y. and Lu, G.Q., (2003) A novel clay-based Fe nanocomposite and its photo-catalytic activity in photo-assisted degradation of Orange II Chemical Engineering Science 58 679–685 10.1016/S0009-2509(02)00595-X.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garcia, I.B. Rodas, M. Sanchez, C.J. Dondi, M. and Alonso-Azcarate, J., (2005) Technological characterization and ceramic application of gravel pit by-products from middle-course Jarama river deposits (central Spain) Applied Clay Science 28 283–295 10.1016/j.clay.2004.01.013.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gil, A. Vicente, M.A. Lambert, J.F. and Gandia, L.M., (2001) Platinum catalysts supported on Al-pillared clays — Application to the catalytic combustion of acetone and methyl-ethyl-ketone Catalysis Today 68 41–51 10.1016/S0920-5861(01)00321-2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gregg, S. and Sing, K.S.W., (1982) Adsorption, Surface Area, and Porosity London Academic Press.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E., (1968) Clay Mineralogy 2nd New York McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. and Güven, N. (1978) Bentonites: Geology and Mineralogy, Properties and Uses. Developments in Sedimentology, 24, Elsevier, New York, 256 pp.Google Scholar
Grim, R.E. and Kulbicki, G., (1961) Montmorillonite: high temperature reactions and classification American Mineralogist 46 1329–1369.Google Scholar
Guo, X.K. and Chen, N., (2005) Effect of Ia introduction methods on the structure of SO42-modifier Zr-pillared clay solid acid Journal of Organic Materials 20 90–98.Google Scholar
Guo, X.K. Qin, G.P. and Shen, N., (2004) Preparation and structure characterization of mesoporous solid superacid catalysts Acta Chimica Sinica 62 208–212.Google Scholar
Hildenbrand, A. Schlomer, S. and Kroos, B.M., (2002) Gas breakthrough experiments on fine-grained sedimentary rocks Geofluids 2 3–23 10.1046/j.1468-8123.2002.00031.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hower, J. and Mowatt, T.C., (1966) The mineralogy of illites and mixed-layer illite/montmorillonites American Mineralogist 51 825–854.Google Scholar
IUPAC, Reporting Physisorption Data for Gas/Solid Systems Pure and Applied Chemistry (1985) 57 603–619 10.1351/pac198557040603.Google Scholar
Kahle, M. Kleber, M. and Jahn, R., (2002) Carbon storage in loess derived surface soils from Central Germany: Influence of mineral phase variables Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science 165 141–149 10.1002/1522-2624(200204)165:2<141::AID-JPLN141>3.0.CO;2-X.3.0.CO;2-X>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kaiser, K. and Guggenberger, G., (2003) Mineral surfaces and soil organic matter European Journal of Soil Science 54 219–236 10.1046/j.1365-2389.2003.00544.x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeling, J.L. Raven, M.D. and Gates, W.P., (2000) Geology and characterization of two hydrothermal nontronites from weathered metamorphic rocks at the Uley graphite mine, South Australia Clays and Clay Minerals 48 537–548 10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480506.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kerr, P.F., (1949) American Petroleum Institute Project 49 NY Columbia University (API-24 clay standard).Google Scholar
Kloprogge, J.T. Booy, E. Jansen, J.B.H. and Geus, J.W., (1994) The effect of thermal-treatment on the properties of hydroxy-Al and hydroxy-Ga pillared montmorillonite and beidellite Clay Minerals 29 153–167 10.1180/claymin.1994.029.2.02.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kohler, B. Singer, A. and Stoffers, P., (1994) Biogenic nontronite from marine white smoker chimneys Clays and Clay Minerals 42 689–701 10.1346/CCMN.1994.0420605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Komarov, V.S. Panasyugin, A.S. Trofimenco, N.E. Ratko, A.I. and Masherova, N.P., (1995) The influence of conditions of synthesis on physicochemical properties of adsorbents based on montmorillonite and basic salts of iron Colloid Journal 57 46–49.Google Scholar
Korosi, L. Nemeth, J. and Dekany, I., (2004) Structural and photooxidation properties of SnO2/layer silicate nanocomposites Applied Clay Science 27 29–40 10.1016/j.clay.2003.12.004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kostka, J.E. Wu, J. Nealson, K.H. and Stucki, J.W., (1999) The impact of structural Fe(III) reduction by bacteria on the surface chemistry of smectite minerals Geochemica et Cosmochimica Acta 63 3705–3713 10.1016/S0016-7037(99)00199-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lear, P.R. and Stucki, J.W., (1989) Effects of iron oxidation-state on the specific surface-area of nontronite Clays and Clay Minerals 37 547–552 10.1346/CCMN.1989.0370607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, W.X. Coveney, R.M. and Tang, H.X., (2003) Spectroscopic study on variations in illite surface properties after acid-base titration Journal of Environmental Sciences — China 15 456–463.Google Scholar
Makower, B. Shaw, T.M. and Alexander, L.T., (1937) The specific surface and density of soils and their colloids Soil Science Society of America Proceedings 2 101–108 10.2136/sssaj1938.036159950002000C0016x.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayer, L.M. Schick, L.L. Hardy, K.R. Wagal, R. and McCarthy, J., (2004) Organic matter in small mesopores in sediments and soils Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 68 3863–3872 10.1016/j.gca.2004.03.019.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M’Bodj, O. Ayadi, M. Benna, M. Ariguib, N.K. and Ayadi, M.T., (2003) Characterization and rheological study of a Tunisian bentonite for its use in the drilling fluids Asian Journal of Chemistry 15 1251–1265.Google Scholar
Miser, H.D. and Milton, C. (1964) Quartz, rectorite and cookeite from the Jeffrey Quarry, North Little Rock, Pulaski Co., Arkansas. Arkansas Geological Commission Bulletin, 21, 29 pp.Google Scholar
Mogyorosi, K. Dekany, I. and Fendler, J.H., (2003) Preparation and characterization of clay mineral intercalated titanium dioxide nanoparticles Langmuir 19 2938–2946 10.1021/la025969a.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, R.A. and Hendricks, S.B., (1944) Specific surface of some clay minerals, soils, and soil colloids Soil Science 56 285–296 10.1097/00010694-194310000-00004.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J.L., (1981) Expansive soils — volume change and expansion pressure of smectites California Geology 34 197–203.Google Scholar
Post, J.L. Cupp, B.L. and Madsen, F.T., (1997) Beidellite and associated clays from the DeLamar Mine and Florida Mountain area, Idaho Clays and Clay Minerals 45 240–250 10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Post, J.L. and Plummer, C.C., (1972) Chlorite series of the Flagstaff Hill area, California: a Preliminary investigation Clays and Clay Minerals 20 271–283 10.1346/CCMN.1972.0200504.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, K.M. Slade, R.C.T. and Ward, N.I., (2004) Templated synthesis of tailored clays (based on sol-gel techniques) to yield increased pore volumes for sorption and exchange Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology 31 157–160 10.1023/B:JSST.0000047978.65364.08.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajec, P. Šucha, V. Eberl, D.D. Środoń, J. and Elsass, F., (1999) Effect of illite particle shape on cesium sorption Clays and Clay Minerals 47 755–760 10.1346/CCMN.1999.0470610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schneiderhoehn, P., (1965) Nontronit vom Hohen Hagen und vom MeenserSteinberg bei Gottingen Tschermaks Mineralogische und Petrographische Mitteilungen 10 386–399.Google Scholar
Sondi, I. and Pravdic, V., (1996) Electrokinetics of natural and mechanically modified ripidolite and beidellite clays Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 181 463–469 10.1006/jcis.1996.0403.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sondi, I. and Pravdic, V., (1998) The colloid and surface chemistry of clays in natural waters Croatica Chemica Acta 71 1061–1074.Google Scholar
Sondi, I. Stubicar, M. and Pravdic, V., (1997) Surface properties of ripidolite and beidellite clays modified by high-energy ball milling Colloids and Surfaces A — Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 127 141–149.Google Scholar
Srasra, E. and Trabelsi-Ayedi, M., (2001) Texture evolution of an acid activated interstratified illite-smectite Asian Journal of Chemistry 13 898–904.Google Scholar
Stucki, J.W. and Kostka, J.E., (2006) Microbial reduction of iron in smectite Comptes Rendus Geoscience 338 468–475 10.1016/j.crte.2006.04.010.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stucki, J.W. Lee, K. Zhang, L.Z. and Larson, R.A., (2002) Effects of iron oxidation state on the surface and structural properties of smectites Pure and Applied Chemistry 74 2145–2158 10.1351/pac200274112145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Uncles, R.J. Stephens, J.A. and Harris, C., (2006) Properties of suspended sediment in the estuarine turbidity maximum of the highly turbid Humber Estuary system, UK Ocean Dynamics 56 235–247 10.1007/s10236-005-0053-y.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vicente, M.A. Munoz, M.A.B. Lambert, J.F. Korili, S.A. Gil, A. and Gandia, L.M., (2002) Application of Pt/intercalated clays supported catalysts to the complete oxidation of acetone Afinidad 59 262–266.Google Scholar
Weaver, C.E. and Pollard, D.L., (1973) The Chemistry of Clay Minerals Amsterdam Elsevier 55–76 10.1016/S0070-4571(09)70008-1.Google Scholar
Yang, H.M. Yang, W.G. Hu, Y.H. Du, C.F. and Tang, A.D., (2005) Effect of mechanochemical processing on illite particles Particle & Particle System Characterization 22 207–211 10.1002/ppsc.200500953.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, J. and Yu, G.R., (2002) Effects of surface coatings on electrochemical properties and contaminant sorption of clay minerals Chemosphere 49 619–628 10.1016/S0045-6535(02)00332-6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed