Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t8hqh Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T21:58:25.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Palaeoenvironmental approach to the geology, mineralogy and geochemistry of an Early Miocene alluvial-fan to cyclic shallow-lacustrine depositional system in the Aktoprak Basin (central Anatolia), Turkey

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

A. Gürel  and
S. Kadir
A. Gürel
Affiliation:
Niğde University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR-51200 Niğde, Turkey
S. Kadir*
Affiliation:
Eskişehir Osmangazi University, Department of Geological Engineering, TR-26480 Eskişehir, Turkey
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Aktoprak Basin, Turkey, provides important clues regarding regional palaeoclimatic changes which have not so far been elucidated. The purpose of the present study is to fill this gap using mineralogical, geochemical and isotopic characterization of cyclic sedimentation within Neogene sedimentary units. Early Miocene alluvial-fan to cyclic shallow-lacustrine sediments of the Aktoprak Basin consist of conglomerate, sandstone, mudstone, marl, limestone and palaeosol. The increasingly fine upward grain size and bed thicknesses suggest that the alluvial fan was fed by an ephemeral braided river. The cyclic sandflat–mudflat–shallow-lake succession is predominantly composed of small-scale sandstone-mudstone beds. Sandstone intervals in the sedimentary cycles are interpreted to be a result of sedimentation from shallow, ephemeral braided-river channels, the deposits having evolved under water-saturated conditions in response to climate changes. The mudstone intervals are interpreted as having been laid down via sedimentation during distal sheet floods which developed either under sub-aerial exposure or in a water-saturated environment. Palaeocurrent measurements indicate that the general transport direction in the Early Miocene was from east to west. The lacustrine sediments of the Aktoprak Basin consist of calcite + quartz + feldspar + serpentine coexisting mainly with smectite ± palygorskite ± illite ± chlorite. Illite and chlorite are either detrital, having originated from basement units, or the illite formed authigenically from smectite. Calcite and clay appear as cement-building conglomerate, sandstone and mudstone. The clay content decreases with increasing calcite and the presence of an inverse relationship between CaO and other oxides may correspond to an inverse relationship between calcite and other minerals. Furthermore, Al2O3, Fe2O3, TiO2, MgO, Ni, Co, Cu, Sr, Ba and Zr values in the smectite-bearing mudstone and sandstone are consistent with the chemical compositions of rocks in the surrounding area, mainly ophiolitic and volcanogenic associations. Micromorphologically, the development of smectite as a cement on leached feldspar, the occurrence of palygorskite fibres as bridges between crystals and rock fragments, as well as the presence of ‘edging’ smectite flakes suggest an authigenic origin. Field observations, mineralogy, geochemistry and the results of δ18O and δ13C isotopic determinations reveal that periodic palaeoclimatic changes were controlled by alternating wet and dry periods that resulted in a relative upward decrease in precipitation of authigenic smectite ± palygorskite within the sections, under the influence of geochemical and pH fluctuations in meteoric water within the shallow-lake environment.

Keywords

Aktoprak Basinsmectitepalygorskitecyclic sedimentationstable isotopespalaeoclimate
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 45 , Issue 1 , March 2010 , pp. 51 - 75
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdul-Aziz, H., Hilgen, F.J., Krijgsman, W., Sanz, E. & Calvo, J.P. (2000) Astronomical forcing of sedimentary cycles in the middle to late Miocene continental Calatayud Basin (NE Spain). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 177, 9–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allison, M.A. & Riggs, S.R. (1994) Clay-mineral suites in cyclic Miocene sediments; a model for continental-margin deposition in a mixed siliciclastic-phosphatic-dolomitic-biogenic system. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 64, 386–395.Google Scholar
Alonso-Zarza, A.M. & Arenas, C. (2004) Cenozoic calcretes from the Teruel Graben, Spain: microstructure, stable isotope geochemistry and environmental significance. Sedimentary Geology, 167, 91–108.Google Scholar
Alpaslan, M., Frei, R., Boztuğ, D., Kurt, M.A. & Temel, A. (2004) Geochemical and Pb-Sr-Nd isotopic constraints indicating an enriched mantle source for late Cretaceous to early Tertiary volcanism, Central Anatolia, Turkey. International Geology Review, 46, 1022–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Atabey, E., Göncüoğlu, M.C. & Turhan, N. (1990) Turkish Geological Map Series, 33, Section J19.Google Scholar
Bajnóczi, B., Horvath, Z., Demeny, A. & Mindszenty, A. (2006) Stable isotope geochemistry of calcrete nodules and septarian concretions in a Quaternary “red clay” paleovertisol from Hungary. Isotopes in Environment and Health Studies, 42, 335–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braide, S.P. & Huff, W.D. (1986) Clay mineral variation in Tertiary sediments from the Eastern Flank of the Niger Delta. Clay Minerals, 21, 211–224.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, C.J.R. (1979) Crystal textures of recent fluvial pisolites and laminated crystalline crusts in Dyfed, South Wales. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 49, 181–193.Google Scholar
Brindley, G.W. (1980) Quantitative X-ray analysis of clays. Pp. 411–438 in: Crystal Structures of Clay Minerals and their X-ray Identification (Brindley, G.W. & Brown, G., editors). Mineralogical Society Monograph 5, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cerling, T.E. (1984) The stable isotopic composition of modern soil carbonate and its relationship to climate. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 71, 229–240.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, M.S., Jaffey, N., Robertson, A.H.F. & Ünlügenç, U.C. (2001) Closure history of Neotethys and postcollisional tectonic escape: Pozanti-Ulukisla region (Fieldtrip Guide). In: Fourth International Turkish Geology Symposium, Cukurova University, Adana, Turkey.Google Scholar
Colson, J., Cojan, I. & Thiry, M. (1998) A hydrological model for palygorskite formation in the Danian continental facies of the Provence Basin (France). Clay Minerals, 33, 333–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demirtaşli, E., Turhan, N., Bilgin, A.Z. & Selim, M. (1984) Geology of the Bolkar Mountains. Pp. 125–141 in: Geology of the Taurus Belt (Tekeli, O. & Göncüoğlu, M.C., editors). Proceedings of the International Symposium. MTA Special Publication, Ankara, Turkey.Google Scholar
Dirik, K. (2007) Neotectonic characteristic and seismicity of Cappadocia and surrounding area (Central Anatolia). Pp. 200–201 in: Symposium on Geology of the Kapadokya region. Google Scholar
Dirik, K. & Göncüoğlu, M.C. (1996) Neotectonic characteristics of central Anatolia. International Geology Review, 38, 807–817.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunham, R.J. (1962) Classification of carbonate rocks according to depositional texture. In: Classification of Carbonate Rocks. American Association of Petroleum Geology Bulletin, 46, 108–121.Google Scholar
Eren, M., Kadir, S., Hatipoğlu, Z. & Gül, M. (2008) Quaternary calcrete development in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Turkish Journal of Earth Sciences, 17, 763–784.Google Scholar
Esteoule-Choux, J. (1984) Palygorskite in the Tertiary deposits of the Armorican massif. Developments in Sedimentology, 37, 75–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Folk, R.L. (1968) Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks. University of Texas, Publications in Geology, 370 pp.Google Scholar
Galan, E. & Ferrero, A. (1982) Palygorskite-sepiolite clays of Lebrija, southern Spain. Clays and Clay Minerals, 30, 191–199.Google Scholar
Gierlowski-Kordesch, E.H. (1998) Carbonate deposition in an ephemeral siliciclastic alluvial system: Jurassic Shuttle Meadow Formation, Newark Supergroup, Hartford Basin, USA. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 140, 161–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gile, L.H., Peterson, F.F. & Grossman, R.B. (1966) Morphological and genetic sequences of carbonate accumulation in desert soils. Soil Science, 101, 347–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Görür, N., Tüysüz, O. & Sengör, A.M.C. (1998) Tectonic evolution of the Central Anatolain Basins. International Geology Review, 40, 831–850.Google Scholar
Goudie, A.S. (1973) Duricrusts in Tropical Landscapes. Clarendon Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Giirel, A. (1991) Veränderung im Stoffbestand der Verwitterungsdecke als Folge Natüricher Bodenbildungsprozesse und Antropogener atmosphärischer Deposition. Diss. Göttingen. Berichte Forschungszentrums Waldökosysteme, Reich A, Bd. 82, 182 pp.Google Scholar
Gürel, A. (2008) Sedimentological and mineralogical investigation of the Late Miocene successions of Aktoprak Basin (Central Turkey): Implication for sediment source and palaeoclimates. Clay and Clay Minerals, 54, 555–570.Google Scholar
Gürel, A. & Kadir, S. (2008) Geology and mineralogy of Late Miocene clayey sediments in the southeastern part of the central Anatolian volcanic province, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 307–321.Google Scholar
Hartley, A.J. (1993) Sedimentological response of an alluvial system to source area tectonism: The Seilao Member of the Late Cretaceous to Eocene Purilactis Formation of northern Chile. Pp. 489–500 in: Alluvial Sedimentation (Marzo, M. & Puigdefabregas, C., editors.). Special Publication of International Association of Sedimentology, 17.Google Scholar
Inglès, M. & Anadón, P. (1991) Relationship of clay minerals to depositional environment in the non-marine Eocene Pontils Group, SE Ebro basin (Spain). Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 61, 926–939.Google Scholar
Jaffey, N. & Robertson, A. (2005) Non-marine sedimentation associated with Oligocene-Recent exhumation and uplift of the Central Taurus, Mountains, S. Turkey. Sedimentary Geology, 173, 53–89.Google Scholar
Jones, B.F. & Galán, E. (1988) Sepiolite and palygorskite. Pp. 631–374 in: Hydrous Phyllosilicates (Exclusive of Micas) (Bailey, S.W., editor). Reviews in Mineralogy 19, Mineralogical Society of America, BookCrafters, Inc., Chelsea, Michigan, USA.Google Scholar
Kadir, S. (2007) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of smectite in Pliocene volcaniclastic rocks of the Doganbey Formation, Beysehir basin, Konya, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 55, 402–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. & Eren, M. (2008) The occurrence and genesis of clay minerals associated with Quaternary caliches in the Mersin area, southern Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 56, 244–258.Google Scholar
Kelling, G., Ergan, E.S., Gürbüz, K., Safak, Ü. & Üçlügenç, U. (2001) Oligo-Miocene basis of south-central Turkey: synthesis and appraisal. Fourth International Turkish Geology Symposium (ITGS IV), Adana, Turkey. Abstracts, p 7.Google Scholar
Kelling, G., Robertson, A. & Van Buchem, F. (2005) Cenozoic sedimentary basins of southern Turkey: an introduction. Sedimentary Geology, 173, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelly, B.S. & Olsen, H. (1993) Terminal fans - a review with reference to Devonian examples. Sedimentary Geology, 85, 339–374.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khademi, H. & Mermut, A.R. (1998) Source of palygorskite in gypsiferous Aridisols and associated sediments from central Iran. Clay Minerals, 33, 561–578.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krijgsman, W. (1996) Miocene magneto stratigraphy and cyclostratigraphy in the Mediterranean: extension of the astronomical polarity time scale. Geologica Ultraiectina, 141, 206 pp.Google Scholar
Miall, A.D. (1996) The geology of fluvial deposits. Sedimentary fades, basin analysis, and petroleum geology. Springer-Verlag, Germany. 582 pp.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. & Reynolds, R.C. (1989) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 332 pp.Google Scholar
Nilsen, H. (1983) Alluvial Fan Deposits. U.S. Geological Survey, 49-85.Google Scholar
Oktay, F.Y. (1982) Stratigraphy and geological history of Ulukisla and its surroundings. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Turkey, 25, 15–23 (in Turkish with English abstract).Google Scholar
Olsen, H. (1989) Sandstone-body structures and ephemeral stream processes in the Dinosaur Canyon Member, Moenave Formation (Lower Jurassic), Utah, USA. Sedimentary Geology, 61, 207–221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Platt, N.H. (1989) Lacustrine carbonates and pedogenesis: sedimentology and origin of palustrine deposits from the Early Cretaceous Rupelo Formation, W. Cameras Basin, N. Spain. Sedimentology, 36, 665–684.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pusch, R. (2006) Clays and nuclear waste management. Pp. 703–716 in: Handbook of Clay Science (Bergaya, F., Theng, B.K.G. & Lagaly, G., editors). Developments in Clay Science, 1.Google Scholar
Reading, H.G. (1996) Sedimentary Environments: Process, Fades and Stratigraphy. 3rd edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford, 689 pp.Google Scholar
Rodas, M., Luque, F.J., Mas, R. & Garzon, M.G. (1994) Calcretes, palycretes and silcretes in the paleogene detrital sediments of the Dueo and Tajo Basins, central Spain. Clay Minerals, 29, 273–285.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, J. & Sheppard, S.M. (1986) An isotopic study of siderites, dolomites and ankerites at high temperatures. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Ada, 50, 1147–1150.Google Scholar
Rust, B.R. (1981) Sedimentation in an arid-zone anastomosing fluvial system; Cooper's Creek, central Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 51, 745–755.Google Scholar
Semeniuk, V. & Meagher, T.D. (1981) Calcrete in Quaternary coastal dunes in southwestern Australia: a capillary-rise phenomenon associated with plants. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 51, 47–68.Google Scholar
Semeniuk, V. & Searle, D.J. (1985) Distribution of calcrete in Holocene coastal sands in relationship to climate, southwestern Australia. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 56, 86–95.Google Scholar
Singer, A. (1979) Palygorskite in sediments: detrital, diagenetic, or neoformed — a critical review. Geologische Rundschau, 68, 996–1008.Google Scholar
Singer, A. (1984) Pedogenic palygorskite in the arid environment. Pp. 169–176 in. Palygorskite-sepiolite: Occurrence, Genesis and Uses (Singer, A. & Galan, E., editors). Development in Sedimentology, 37, Elsevier, Amsterdam The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Singer, A. (1989) Palygorskite and sepiolite group minerals. Pp. 829–872 in: Minerals in Soil Environments (Dixon, J.B. & Weed, S.B., editors). Soil Science Society of America, Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA.Google Scholar
Singer, A. & Norrish, K. (1974) Pedogenic palygorskite occurrences in Australia. American Mineralogist, 59, 508–517.Google Scholar
Steenbrink, J., Van Vugt, N., Kloosterboer-van Hoeve, M.X. & Hilgen, F.J. (2000) Refinement of the Messinian APTS from sedimentary cycle patterns in the lacustrine Lava section (Servia Basin, NW Greece). Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 181, 161–173.Google Scholar
Suchecki, R.K., Hubert, J.F. & Birney De Wet, C.C. (1988) Isotopic imprint of climate and hydrogeochemistry on terrestrial strata of the Triassic-Jurassic Hartford and Fundy rift basins. Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 58, 801–811.Google Scholar
Talbot, M.R. (1990) A review of the palaeohydrologieal interpretation of carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in primary lacustrine carbonates. Chemical Geology (Isotope Geosdence Section), 80, 261–279.Google Scholar
Talbot, M.R. & Allen, P.A. (1996) Lakes. Pp. 83–124 in: Sedimentary Environments: Processes, Fades and Stratigraphy (Reading, H.G., editor). Blackwell Science.Google Scholar
Talbot, M.R. & Kelts, K. (1990) Paleolimnological signitures from carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios in carbonates from organic carbon-rich lacustrine sediments. Pp. 99–119 in: Lacustrine Exploration: Case Studies and Modern Analogues (Katz, B.J. & Rosendahl, B.R., editors). American Association Petroleum Geology Memoir, 50.Google Scholar
Talma, A.S. & Netterberg, F. (1983) Stable isotope abundances in calcretes. Pp. 221–233 in. Residual Deposits (Wilson, R.C.L., editor). Geological Society of London, Special Publication 13. Google Scholar
Toprak, V. & Göncüoğlu, M.C. (1993) Tectonic control on the development of the Neogene-Quaternary Central Anatolian Volcanic Province, Turkey. Geological Journal, 28, 357–369.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wachter, E. & Hayes, J.M. (1985) Exchange of oxygen isotopes in carbon-dioxide-phosphoric acid systems. Chemical Geology, 52, 365–374.Google Scholar
Wieder, M. & Yaalon, D.H. (1974) Effect of matrix composition on carbonate nodule crystallization. Geoderma, 11, 95–121.Google Scholar
Wilson, M.J. (1987) X-ray powder diffraction methods. Pp. 26–98 in: A Handbook of Determinative Methods in Clay Mineralogy (Wilson, M.J., editor). Blackie, Glasgow and London.Google Scholar
Wright, V.P. (1990) Lacustrine carbonates. Pp. 164–190 in: Carbonate Sedimentology (Tucker, M.E. & Wright, V.P., editors). Blackwell Science, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wright, V.P. & Tucker, M.E. (1991) Calcretes. The International Association of Sedimentologist, Oxford, London, 352 pp.Google Scholar
Wedepohl, K.H. (1984) Die Zusammenzetzung der oberen Erdkruste und natiirlicher Kreislauf ausge-walter Metalle. In Metalle in der Unwelt (Merian, E., editor). Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, Germany, 856 pp.Google Scholar