Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T04:39:12.905Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Organic reactions in a clay microenvironment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 July 2018

J. A. Ballantine ,
J. H. Purnell  and
J. M. Thomas
J. A. Ballantine
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP
J. H. Purnell
Affiliation:
Department of Chemistry, University College of Swansea, Singleton Park, Swansea SA2 8PP
J. M. Thomas
Affiliation:
Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EP
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Although natural Na-bentonite has little catalytic activity, various cation-exchanged bentonites have proved to be effective catalysts for a wide variety of organic reactions. In the presence of these catalysts alkenes can be induced to add (a) water, to yield branched-chain symmetrical ethers; (b) alcohols, to give a variety of ethers; (c) thiols, to yield thio-ethers; (d) carboxylic acids, to give esters. The number of products obtained in each reaction depends on the ease of rearrangement of the carbocation intermediates. High yields are obtained where a single carbocation intermediate is formed, A variety of elimination reactions is also catalysed by these sheet silicates. Water is eliminated from alcohols to produce ethers, ammonia is eliminated from amines to make secondary amines, and hydrogen sulphide is eliminated from thiols to give dialkyl sulphides. In most cases the ion-exchanged bentonites react as acidic heterogeneous catalysts.

Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 18 , Issue 4 , December 1983 , pp. 347 - 356
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Adams, J.M., Ballantine, J.A., Graham, S.H., Laub, R.J., Furnell, J.H., Reid, P.I., Shaman, W.Y.M. & Thomas, J.M. (1979) Selective chemical conversions using sheet silicate intercalates: low-temperature addition of water to 1-alkenes. J. Catal. 58, 238–252.Google Scholar
Adams, J.M., Clement, D.E. & Graham, S.H. (1982) Synthesis of methyl-t-butyl ether from methanol and iso-butene using a clay catalyst. Clays Clay Miner. 30, 129–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballantine, J.A., Davies, M.E., Purnell, J.H., Rayanakorn, M., Thomas, J.M. & Williams, K.J. (1981a) Chemical conversions using sheet silicates: Facile ester synthesis by direct addition of acids or alkenes. J. C. S. Chem. Comm. 1981, 8–9.Google Scholar
Ballantine, J.A., Purnell, J.H., Rayanakorn, M., Thomas, J.M. & Williams, K.J. (1981b) Chemical conversions using sheet silicates: novel intermolecular elimination of ammonia from amines. J. C. S. Chem. Comm. 1981, 9–10.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballantine, J.A., Davies, M.E., Purnell, J.H., Rayanakorn, M., Thomas, J.M. & Williams, K.J. (1981c) Chemical conversions using sheet silicates: novel intermolecular dehydrations of alcohols to ethers and polymers. J. C. S. Chem. Comm. 1981, 427–428.Google Scholar
Ballantine, J.A., Galvin, R.P., O'Neil, R.M., Purnell, J.H., Rayanakorn, M. & Thomas, J.M. (1981d) Chemical conversions using sheet silicates: novel intermolecular eliminations of hydrogen sulphide from thiols. j. C. S. Chem. Comm. 1981, 695–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, M.E. (1982) Sheet silicates as heterogeneous catalysts. PhD Thesis, University College of Swansea.Google Scholar
Galvin, R.P. (1983) Sheet silicates as heterogeneous catalysts. PhD Thesis, University College of Swansea.Google Scholar
Rayanakorn, M. (1980) Novel catalysis with sheet silicates. PhD Thesis, University College of Swansea.Google Scholar
Thomas, J.M. (1982) Sheet silicate intercalates. New agents for unusual chemical conversions. Pp. 56–99 in: Intercalation Chemistry (Whittingham, M. S. & Jacobson, A. J., editors). Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Williams, K.J. (1982) Sheet silicates as catalysts. PhD Thesis, University College of Swansea.Google Scholar