Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T03:56:23.593Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Element mobility during the formation of the Uzunisa-Ordu bentonite, NE Turkey, and potential applications

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

Ş. Özdamar ,
Ö. I. Ece ,
B. Uz ,
F. Boylu ,
H. Ü. Ercan  and
G. Yanik
Ş. Özdamar*
Affiliation:
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
Ö. I. Ece
Affiliation:
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
B. Uz
Affiliation:
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
F. Boylu
Affiliation:
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Mineral Processing Engineering, Maslak 34469 Istanbul, Turkey
H. Ü. Ercan
Affiliation:
Istanbul Technical University, Department of Geological Engineering, Maslak 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
G. Yanik
Affiliation:
Dumlupınar University, Department of Geological Engineering, Kütahya, 43100, Turkey
*
*E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Dacitic andesitic calc-alkaline lavas and their pyroclastic rocks of Upper Cretaceous age are widespread in the Ordu area, eastern Black Sea Coast of Turkey. Ca-bentonite and Ca/Nabentonite deposits with significant economic potential formed in the broader region. The mineralogy and geochemistry of these deposits were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and chemical analyses. The parent rocks (PR) and bentonite samples were analysed for the major and trace element contents, including rare-earth elements, to understand the effect of differential alterations on element mobility. The bentonites contain mainly di-octahedral Ca-montmorillonite with minor amounts of illite, quartz, calcite, dolomite and feldspar. Primary K-feldspar and plagioclase phenocrysts were altered in the bentonite horizons, and were completely leached at greater depth. For this reason, the higher quality bentonites are found at deeper zones. Bentonite horizons are characterized by relatively high loss on ignition (LOI: 9.8–20.8%) and MgO content (3–5%) and low K2O (<0.5%) and Na2O (<2%) contents compared with the least altered parent rocks. Silicon, Ca, Mg, Mn and P are markedly enriched whereas Fe, Na, K and Ti are depleted in the bentonite samples. The chondrite-normalized rare earth element (REE) patterns show identical trends characterized by strong light rare earth element (LREE) enrichment in both the PR and bentonite samples. The LREE contents are higher than those of their heavy counterparts (HREE) in the samples. Alteration of the PR to bentonite is associated with intense chemical leaching and subsequent removal of K and Na in open-system conditions.

Keywords

alterationbentoniteelement mobilityphysical propertiesUzunisa-Orduvolcanic rocksTurkey
Type
Research Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 49 , Issue 5 , December 2014 , pp. 609 - 633
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland 2014

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abdioğlu, E. & Arslan, M. (2005) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of bentonites of the Ordu area, NE Turkey. Clay Minerals, 40, 131–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adamia, Sh., Lordkipanidze, M. & Zakariadze, G. (1977) Evolution of active continental margin as exemplified by the Alpine history of the Caucasus. Tectonophysics, 40, 183–199.Google Scholar
Arslan, M., TÜysÜz, N., Korkmaz, S. & Kurt, H. (1997) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the Eastern Pontide volcanic rocks, NE Turkey. Chemie der Erde, Geochemistry, 57, 157–187.Google Scholar
Arslan, M., Abdioglu, E. & Kadir, S. (2010) Mineralogy, geochemistry, and origin of bentonite in Upper Cretaceous pyroclastic units of the Tirebolu area, Giresun, northeast Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 120–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bektas, O. (1983) I type granites and their geotectonic situations in the magmatic arc of north-eastern Pontides. Pp. 49–50 in: TJK, 37th Geological Congress of Turkey.Google Scholar
Bektas, O. (1986) The distribution of palaeostress and great period of time rifting in the back arc regions of the eastern Pontides. Bulletin of Mineral Research and Exploration in Turkey, 103/104, 114–120 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Bern, C.R., Chadwick, O.A., Hartshorn, A.S., Khomo, L.M. & Chorover, J. (2011) A mass balance model to separate and quantify colloidal and solute redistributions in soil. Chemical Geology, 282, 113–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boylu, F. (2011) Optimization of foundry sand characteristics of soda-activated calcium bentonite. Applied Clay Science, 52, 104–108.Google Scholar
Boylu, F., Hojiyev, R., Ersever, G., Ulcay, Y. & Celik, M.S. (2012) Production of ultrapure bentonite clays through centrifugation techniques. Separation Science and Technology, 47, 842–849.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, W.V. (1984) Geochemistry of rare earth elements: meteorite studies. Pp. 63–114 in: Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (P. Henderson, editor). Elsevier, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Brimhall, G.H. & Dietrich, W.E. (1987) Constitutive mass balance relations between chemical composition, volume, density, porosity, and strain in metasomatic hydrochemical systems: results on weathering and pedogenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 51, 567–587.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Çelik, M. & Karakaya, N. (1997a) Giresun-Bulancak yöresi kil olus–umlarının incelenmesi. VIII. Pp. 59–65 in: Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildiler Kitabı, KÜtahya, TÜrkiye (I. Is–ık, editor).Google Scholar
Çelik, M. & Karakaya, N. (1997b) Ordu ve Giresun civarında gözlenen hidrotermal kil olus–umlarının incelenmesi. VIII. Pp. 99–106 in: Ulusal Kil Sempozyumu Bildiler Kitabı, KÜtahya, TÜrkiye (I. Is–ık, editor).Google Scholar
Çelik, M. & Karakaya, N. (1999) Major-and trace element mobility in hydrothermally altered rocks of the S– aplıca, S– ebinkarahisar (Giresun, Turkey). European Journal of Mineralogy, 11, 48.Google Scholar
Çelik, M., Karakaya, N. & Temel, A. (1999) Clay minerals in hydrothermally altered volcanic rocks, eastern Pontides, Turkey. Clays and Clay Minerals, 47, 708–718.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. (1998) Comparative study of the mobility of major and trace elements during alteration of an andesite and rhyolite to bentonite, in the Islands of Milos and Kimolos, Aegaen, Greece. Clays and Clay Minerals, 46, 379–399.Google Scholar
Christidis, G. & Dunham, A.C. (1997) Compositional variations in smectites. Part II: Alteration of acidic precursors, a case study from Milos Island, Greece. Clay Minerals, 32, 253–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E. Scott, P.W. & Marcopoulos, T. (1995) Origin of the bentonite deposits of Eastern Milos, Aegean, Greece: geological, mineralogical and geochemical evidence. Clays and Clay Minerals, 43, 63–77.Google Scholar
Cornu, S., Lucas, Y., Lebon, E., Ambrosi, J.P., Luiza˜o, F., Rouiller, J., Bonnay, M. & Neal, C. (1999) Evidence of titanium mobility in soil profiles. Manaus, Central Amazonia. Geoderma, 91, 281–295.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demir, O. (1995) Stratigraphic differentiation between north and south directions and hydrocarbon possibility of the region between Ispir - Yusufeli and Tortum Lake, Black Sea. Technical University, Trabzon, 30th Anniversary Symposium of the Geology Department, Abstracts, 115–116.Google Scholar
Dewey, J.F., Pitman, W.C., Ryan, W.B.F. & Bonnin, J. (1973) Plate tectonics and evolution of the Alpine system. American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 84, 3137–3180.Google Scholar
Ece, O.I. & Nakagawa, Z. (2003) Alteration of volcanic rocks and genesis of kaolin deposits in the S– ile Region, northern Istanbul, Turkey. Part II: Differential mobility of elements. Clay Minerals, 38, 529–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gill, J.B. (1981) Orogenic Andesites and Plate Tectonics, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 390 pp., Springer- Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GörÜr, N., S– engö r, A.M.C., Akkök, R. & Yılmaz, Y. (1983) Sedimentologic data on the recovery of Neotethys in the Pontides. Geological Bulletin of Turkey, 26, 11–20 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Grim, R. & GÜven, N. (1978) Bentonite: geology, mineralogy, properties and uses. Developments in Sedimentology, 24. New York. 256 pp., Elsevier.Google Scholar
Hynes, A. (1980) Carbonatization and mobility of T., Y and Z. in Ascot Formation metabasalts, SE Quebec. Contribution Mineralogy and Petrology, 75, 79–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inoue, A. (1995) Formation of clay minerals in hydrothermal environments. Pp. 268–329 in: Origin and Mineralogy of Clays, Clays and the Environment. (B. Velde, editor), BerlinSpringer- Verlag.Google Scholar
Irvine, T.N. & Baragar, W.R.A. (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common volcanic rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 8, 523–548.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, N., Sun, S., Chu, X., Mizuta, T. & Ishiyama, D. (2003) Mobilization and enrichment of high-field strength elements during late- and post-magmatic processes in the Shuiquangou syenitic complex, northern China. Chemical Geology, 200, 117–128.Google Scholar
Jiang, S.Y. (2000) Controls on the mobility of high field strength elements (HFSE), U and T. in an ancient submarine hydrothermal system of the Proterozoic Sullivan Pb-Zn-Ag deposit, British Columbia, Canada. Geochemical Journal, 34, 341–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiang, S.Y., Wang, R.C., Xu, X.S. & Zhao, K.D. (2005) Mobility of high field strength elements (HFSE) in magmatic-, metamorphic-, and submarine-hydrothermal systems. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, 30, 1020–1029.Google Scholar
Jin, L., Ravella, R., Ketchum, B., Bierman, P.R., Heaney, P., White, T. & Brantley, S.L. (2010) Mineral weathering and elemental transport during hill slope evolution at the Susquehanna/Shale Hills Critical Zone Observatory. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 74, 3669–3691.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kadir, S. & Akbulut, A. (2009) Mineralogy, geochemistry and genesis of the Tas–oluk kaolinite deposits in pre- Early Cambrian metamorphites and Neogene volcanites of Afyonkarahisar, Turkey. Clay Minerals, 44, 89–112.Google Scholar
Kadir, S. & Kart, F. (2009) The occurrence and origin of the Sög˘Ü t kaolinite deposits in the Paleozoic Saricakaya granitegranodiorite complexes and overlying Neogene sediments (Bilecik, Northwestern Turkey). Clays and Clay Minerals, 57, 311–329.Google Scholar
Kandemir, R. & Korkmaz, S. (1997) Stratigraphic and sedimentological features of northern Tortum Lake (Erzurum). 20th Anniversary Symposium of the Geology Department of Selçuk University, Konya. Abstracts, 122–123.Google Scholar
Karakaya, N. & Karakaya, M.C.. (2001) S– aplıca (S– ebinkarahisar, Giresun) Volkanitlerinin Hidrotermal Alterasyon TÜ rlerinin Mineralojik ve Jeokimyasal O. zellikleri. TÜrkiye Jeoloji BÜ lteni, 44, 75–90 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Karakaya, M.C.., Karakaya, N. & Bakır, S. (2011) Some properties and potential applications of the Na- and Ca-bentonites of Ordu (NE Turkey). Applied Clay Science, 54, 159–165.Google Scholar
Ketin, I˙. (1966) Anadolunun tektonik birlikleri. MTA Dergisi, 66, 20–34 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Korkmaz, S. & Yılmaz, C. (1994) Evolution of the Pontide carbonate platform during Upper Dogger- Lower Cretaceous, NE Turkey. Perimediterranean carbonate platforms. Geologie Mediterranean, 21, 103–104.Google Scholar
Korkmaz, S., Tuysuz, N., Er, M., Musaoglu, A. & Keskin, I. (1995) Stratigraphy of the Eastern Pontides. Pp. 59–69 in: Geology of the Black Sea Region (A. Erler, T.Ercan. E. Bingol & S. Orcen, editors), Ankara,.Google Scholar
Kurtz, A.C., Derry, L.A., Chadwick, O.A. & Alfano, M.J. (2000) Refractory element mobility in volcanic soils. Geology, 28, 683–686.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCulloch, M.T. & Gamble, J.A. (1991) Geochemical and geodynamical constraints on subduction zone magmatism. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 102, 358 –374.Google Scholar
McDonough, W.F. (1991) Partial melting of subducted oceanic crust and isolation of its residual eclogitic lithology. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, London, 335A, 407 –418.Google Scholar
Meunier, A. (1995) Hydrothermal alteration by veins. Pp. 247–267 in: Origin and Mineralogy of Clays and the Environment (B. Velde, editor). Berlin, Springer- Verlag.Google Scholar
Meunier, A. (2005) Clays. Springer, Heidelberg, 472 pp.Google Scholar
Moore, D.M. & Reynolds, R.C. (1989) X-ray Diffraction and the Identification and Analysis of Clay Minerals. Oxford University Press, 322 pp.Google Scholar
Murphy, J.B. & Hynes, A. (1986) Contrasting secondary mobility of T. , P, Z., Nb and Y in two metabasaltic suites in the Appalachians. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, 23, 1138–1144.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, H.H. (2007) Applied Clay Mineralogy. Occurrences, Processing and Application of Kaolins, Bentonites, Palygorskite-Sepiolite and Common Clays - Developments in Clay Science, 2. Elsevier, 180 pp.Google Scholar
Nesbitt, H.W. (1979) Mobility and fractionation of rare earth elements during weathering of a granodiorite. Nature, 279, 206–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patino, L.C., Velbel, M.A., Price, J.R. & Wade, J.A. (2003) Trace element mobility during spheroidal weathering of basalts and andesites in Hawaii and Guatemala. Chemical Geology, 202, 343–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, J.A. (1983) Role of subcontinental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. Pp. 230–253 in: Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths (C.J. Hawkesworth & M.J. Norry, editors). Berlin. Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Pearce, J.A. & Peate, D.W. (1995) Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Science, 23, 251–285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rollinson, H.R. (1993) Using Geochemical Data: Evaluation, Presentation, and Interpretation. Longman, 352 pp.Google Scholar
Ronov, A.B., Balashov, Y.A. & Migdisov, A.A. (1967) Geochemistry of the rare-earths in the sedimentary cycle. Geochemistry International, 4, 1–17.Google Scholar
Salvi, S. & Williams-Jones, A.E. (1996) The role of hydrothermal processes in concentrating high field strength elements in the Strange Lake peralkaline complex, northeastern Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 60, 1917–1932.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvi, S., Fontan, F., Monchoux, P., Williams-Jones, A.E. & Moine, B. (2000) Hydrothermal mobilization of high field strength elements in alkaline igneous systems: evidence from the Tamazeght Complex (Morocco). Economic Geology, 95, 559–576.Google Scholar
S–engör, A.M.C. & Yılmaz, Y. (1981) Tethyan evolution of Turkey: a plate tectonic approach. Tectonophysics, 75, 181–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temizel, I˙., Arslan, M., Ruffet, G. & Peucat, J.J. (2011) Petrochemistry, geochronology and Sr-Nd isotopic systematics of the Tertiary collisional and postcollisional volcanic rocks from the Ulubey (Ordu) area, eastern Pontide, NE Turkey: Implications for extension-related origin and mantle source characteristics. Lithos, 128, 126–147.Google Scholar
Thirlwall, M.F., Smith, T.E., Graham, A.M., Theodorou, N., Hollings, P., Davidson, J.P. & Arculus, R.J. (1994) High field strength element anomalies in arc lavas; source or process? Journal of Petrology, 35, 819–838.Google Scholar
Tokel, S. (1983) Distribution of the Lias volcanites in north Anatolia and importance, as was revealed by the evolution of north Tethys Island-arc system. Geological Congress of Turkey, Ankara. Abstracts, 42–43.Google Scholar
Torres-Alvarado, I.S., Pandarinath, K., Verma, S.P. & Dulski, P. (2007) Mineralogical and geochemical effects due to hydrothermal alteration in the Los Azures geothermal field, Mexico. Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Geolόgicas, 24, 15–24.Google Scholar
Tripathi, J.K. & Rajamani, V. (2007) Geochemistry and origin of ferruginous nodules in weathered granodioritic gneisses, Mysore Plateau, southern India. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 71, 1674–1688.Google Scholar
Uz, B., Esenli, F., Özdamar S– ., Esenli, V. & Suner, F. (2003) The comparison of ordering in opal structure in two different bentonite occurrences. Journal of the Geological Society of India, 62, 478–484.Google Scholar
Vogt, K. & Kostner, H.M. (1978) Zur Mineralogie, Krista llchemi e und Geochemie einiger Montmorillonite aus Bentoniten. Clay Minerals, 13, 25–43.Google Scholar
Winchester, J.A. & Floyd, P.A. (1977) Geochemical discrimination of different magma series and their differentiation products using immobile elements. Chemical Geology, 20, 245–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wray, D. S. (1999) Identication and long-range correlation of bentonites in Turonian Coniacian (Upper Cretaceous) chalks of northwest Europe. Geological Magazine, 136, 361–371.Google Scholar
Yıldız, A. & GÜrel, A. (2005) Palaeontological, diagenetic and facies characteristics of Cretaceous/ Paleogene boundary sediments in the Ordu, Yavuzlu and Uzunisa areas, Eastern Pontides, NE Turkey. Cretaceous Research, 26, 329–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yıldız, A., Yıldız, M. & Atabey, E. (1998) Age, lithofacies and biofacies features of Beyyurdu Formation in the Akdag˘ madeni (Yozgat) – Ag˘cakıs–la (Sivas) area, TÜ rkiye. 12th International Petroleum Congress and Exhibition of Turkey, Ankara, October 12–15, Proceedings, 181–202.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, C. (1993a) Accumulation rates of Jurassic- Lower Cretaceous sediments in the southern zone of eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Geologia, 55, 131–145.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, C. (1993b) Stratigraphic correlation and paleogeographic evolution of the south zone of the eastern Pontides. (NE Turkey). Bulletin of the Mediterranean University, Engineering Faculty of Isparta, 199–204 (in Turkish).Google Scholar
Yılmaz, C. & Bektas– O. (1996) Platform, slope and basin facies at the Cretaceous interval in the Eastern Pontides (NE Turkey). Black Sea Technical University, Trabzon, 30th Anniversary Symposium of the Geology Department, Proceedings 2, 602–609.Google Scholar
Yılmaz, Y., Tuysuz, O., Yigitbas, E., Genc, S.C. & Sengor, A.M.C. (1997) Geology and tectonic evolution o f the Pontides. Pp. 183–226 in: Regional and Petroleum Geology of the Black Sea and Surrounding Region (A. Robinson, editor). American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin, 81.Google Scholar
Yusoff, Z.M., Ngwenya, B.T. & Parsons, I. (2013) Mobility and fractionation of R.E. during deep weathering of geochemically contrasting granites in a tropical setting, Malaysia. Chemical Geology, 349/350, 71–86.Google Scholar
Zielinski, R.A. (1982) The mobility of uranium and other elements during alteration of rhyolite ash to montmorillonite: a case study in the Troublesome Formation, Colorado, U.S.A. Chemical Geology, 35, 185–204.Google Scholar