Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-dsjbd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T22:49:18.197Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Clay minerals in drilling fluids: functions and challenges

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2020

Jun Rui Zhang ,
Meng Dan Xu ,
Georgios E. Christidis  and
Chun Hui Zhou
Jun Rui Zhang
Affiliation:
Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China Research Group for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry – Synthesis Technology, Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310032, China Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou242804, China
Meng Dan Xu
Affiliation:
Zhijiang College, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310014, China
Georgios E. Christidis
Affiliation:
School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100Chania, Greece
Chun Hui Zhou*
Affiliation:
Research Group for Advanced Materials and Sustainable Catalysis (AMSC), State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Chemistry – Synthesis Technology, Institute of Industrial Catalysis, College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou310032, China Qing Yang Institute for Industrial Minerals, You Hua, Qing Yang, Chi Zhou242804, China
*
*Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The addition of clay minerals in drilling fluids modifies the dispersion's viscosity. In this article, scientific advances related to the use of clays and clay minerals (bentonite, palygorskite, sepiolite and mixtures of clay minerals) in drilling fluids are summarized and discussed based on their specific structure, rheological properties, applications, prevailing challenges and future directions. The rheological properties of drilling fluids are affected by the temperature, type of electrolytes, pH and concentration of clay minerals. Bentonites are smectite-rich clays often used in drilling fluids, and their composition varies from deposit to deposit. Such variations significantly affect the behaviour of bentonite-based drilling fluids. Palygorskite is suitable for use in oil-based drilling fluids, but the gelation and gel structures of palygorskite-added drilling fluids have not received much attention. Sepiolite is often used in water-based drilling fluids as a rheological additive. Dispersions containing mixtures of clays including bentonite, kaolin, palygorskite and sepiolite are used in drilling fluids requiring specific features such as high-density drilling fluids or those used in impermeable slurry walls. In these cases, the surface chemistry–microstructure–property relationships of mixed-clay dispersions need to be understood fully. The prevailing challenges and future directions in drilling fluids research include safety, ‘green’ processes and high-temperature and high-pressure-resistant clay minerals.

Keywords

bentonitedrilling fluidspalygorskitesepiolite
Type
Review Article
Information
Clay Minerals , Volume 55 , Issue 1 , March 2020 , pp. 1 - 11
Copyright
Copyright © The Mineralogical Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

Associate Editor: Laurent Michot

References

Abdo, J. & Haneef, M.D. (2013) Clay nanoparticles modified drilling fluids for drilling of deep hydrocarbon wells. Applied Clay Science, 86, 76–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdo, J., Al-Sharji, H. & Hassan, E. (2016) Effects of nano-sepiolite on rheological properties and filtration loss of water-based drilling fluids. Surface and Interface Analysis, 48, 522–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdou, M.I., Al-sabagh, A.M. & Dardir, M.M. (2013) Evaluation of Egyptian bentonite and nano-bentonite as drilling mud. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 22, 53–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abu-Jdayil, B. (2011) Rheology of sodium and calcium bentonite-water dispersions: effect of electrolytes and aging time. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 98, 208–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adebayo, T.A. & Ajayi, O. (2011) Unprocessed OTA kaolin as a weighting additive in drilling fluid. Asian Transactions on Engineering, 1, 23–26.Google Scholar
Afolabi, R.O., Orodu, O.D. & Efeovbokhan, V.E. (2017) Properties and application of Nigerian bentonite clay deposits for drilling mud formulation: recent advances and future prospects. Applied Clay Science, 143, 39–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ahmad, H.M., Kamal, M.S. & Al-Harthi, M.A. (2018) Effect of thermal aging and electrolyte on bentonite dispersions: rheology and morphological properties. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 269, 278–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altun, G. & Serpen, U. (2005) Investigating improved rheological and fluid loss performance of sepiolite muds under elevated temperatures. Presented at: World Geothermal Congress, 24–29 April 2005, Antalya, Turkey.Google Scholar
Al-Zubaidi, N.S., Alwasiti, A.A. & Mahmood, D. (2016) A comparison of nano bentonite and some nano chemical additives to improve drilling fluid using local clay and commercial bentonites. Egyptian Journal of Petroleum, 26, 811–818.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
André, P., Marsh, K.N., Shusheng, P. & Staiger, M.P. (2009) Ionic liquids and their interaction with cellulose. Chemical Reviews, 109, 6712–6728.Google Scholar
Au, P.I. & Leong, Y.K. (2013) Rheological and zeta potential behaviour of kaolin and bentonite composite. Colloids & Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 436, 530–541.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bailey, L., Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. & Maitland, G.C. (2015) Smectite clay – inorganic nanoparticle mixed suspensions: phase behaviour and rheology. Soft Matter, 11, 222–236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baltar, C.A.M., Luz, A.B.D., Baltar, L.M., Oliveira, H.D. & Bezerra, F.J. (2009) Influence of morphology and surface charge on the suitability of palygorskite as drilling fluid. Applied Clay Science, 42, 597–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barast, G., Razakamanantsoa, A.R., Djeran-Maigre, I., Nicholson, T. & Williams, D. (2017) Swelling properties of natural and modified bentonites by rheological description. Applied Clay Science, 142, 60–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baravian, C., Vantelon, D. & Thomas, F. (2003) Rheological determination of interaction potential energy for aqueous clay suspensions. Langmuir, 19, 8109–8114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Batchelor, G.K. (1977) The effect of Brownian motion on the bulk stress in a suspension of spherical particles. Journal of Fluid Mechanics, 83, 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benna, M., Kbir-Ariguib, N., Magnin, A. & Bergaya, F. (1999) Effect of pH on rheological properties of purified sodium bentonite suspensions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 218, 442–455.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Benna-Zayani, M., Mgaidi, A., Stambouli, M., Kbir-Ariguib, N., Trabelsi-Ayadi, M. & Grossiord, J.L. (2009) Fractal nature of bentonite–water–NaCl gel systems evidenced by viscoelastic properties and model of gels. Applied Clay Science, 46, 260–264.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benslimane, A., Bahlouli, I.M., Bekkour, K. & Hammiche, D. (2016) Thermal gelation properties of carboxymethyl cellulose and bentonite–carboxymethyl cellulose dispersions: rheological considerations. Applied Clay Science, 132–133, 702–710.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergaya, F. & Lagaly, G. (2013) Handbook of Clay Science, Part A: Fundamentals, 2nd edn. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 874 pp.Google Scholar
Briscoe, B.J., Luckham, P.F. & Ren, S.R. (1994) The properties of drilling muds at high-pressures and high-temperatures. Philosophical Transactions: Physical Sciences and Engineering, 348, 179–207.Google Scholar
Callaghan, I.C. & Ottewill, R.H. (1974) Interparticle forces in montmorillonite gels. Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society, 57, 110–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chemeda, Y.C., Christidis, G.E., Tauhid Khan, N.M., Koutsopoulou, E., Hatzistamou, V. & Kelessidis, V.C. (2014) Rheological properties of palygorskite–bentonite and sepiolite–bentonite mixed clay suspensions. Applied Clay Science, 90, 165–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Choo, K.Y. & Bai, K. (2015) Effects of bentonite concentration and solution pH on the rheological properties and long-term stabilities of bentonite suspensions. Applied Clay Science, 108, 182–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E., Blum, A.E. & Eberl, D.D. (2006) Influence of layer charge and charge distribution of smectites in the flow behavior and swelling of bentonites. Applied Clay Science, 34, 125–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Christidis, G.E., Katsiki, P., Pratikakis, A. & Kacandes, G. (2010) Rheological properties of palygorskite–smectite suspensions from the Ventzia basin, W. Macedonia, Greece. Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 43, 2552–2569.Google Scholar
Daniel, W.E. & Eibling, R.E. (2005) Rheology Modifiers Applied to Kaolin–Bentonite Slurries for SRNL WTP Pulse Jets Tank Pilot Work in Support of RPP at Hanford, Report to DOE. Contract No. DE-AC09-96SR 18500, WSRC-MS-2005-0011. US Department of Energy, Washington, DC, USA, 12 pp.Google Scholar
Darley, H.C.H. & Gray, G.R. (1980) Composition and Properties of Oil-Well Drilling Fluids. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, USA, 701 pp.Google Scholar
Darley, H.C.H. & Gray, G.R. (1988) Composition and Properties of Drilling and Completion Fluids. Gulf Publishing Company, Houston, TX, USA, 643 pp.Google Scholar
Delgado, A., Gonzalez-Caballero, F. & Bruque, J.M. (1986) On the zeta potential and surface charge density of montmorillonite in aqueous electrolyte solutions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 113, 203–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dias, F.T.G., Souza, R.R. & Lucas, E.F. (2015) Influence of modified starches composition on their performance as fluid loss additives in invert-emulsion drilling fluids. Fuel, 140, 711–716.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dill, H.G. (2016) Kaolin: soil, rock and ore: from the mineral to the magmatic, sedimentary and metamorphic environments. Earth-Science Reviews, 161, 16–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dino, D. & Thompson, J. (2013) Organophilic Clay Additives and Oil Well Drilling Fluids with Less Temperature Dependent Rheological Properties. US 8389447 B2.Google Scholar
Duman, O. & Tunç, S. (2009) Electrokinetic and rheological properties of Na-bentonite in some electrolyte solutions. Microporous & Mesoporous Materials, 117, 331–338.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duman, O., Tunç, S. & Polat, T.G. (2015) Adsorptive removal of triarylmethane dye (Basic Red 9) from aqueous solution by sepiolite as effective and low-cost adsorbent. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 210, 176–184.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duran, J.D.G., Ramos-Tejada, M.M., Arroyo, F.J. & Gonzalez-Caballero, F. (2000) Rheological and electrokinetic properties of sodium montmorillonite suspensions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 229, 197–117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Falode, O.A., Ehinola, O.A. & Nebeife, P.C. (2008) Evaluation of local bentonitic clay as oil well drilling fluids in Nigeria. Applied Clay Science, 39, 19–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrow, T.C., Rasmussen, C.A., Menking, W.R. & Durham, D.H. (2003) Organoclay Compositions for Gelling Unsaturated Polyester Resin Systems. US 6635108 B1.Google Scholar
Fernandez-Barranco, C., Kozioł, A.E., Skrzypiec, K., Rawski, M., Drewniak, M. & Yebra-Rodriguez, A. (2016) Reprint of study of spatial distribution of sepiolite in sepiolite/polyamide 6,6 nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 127–128, 129–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galan, E. & Singer, A. (2011) Developments in Palygorskite–Sepiolite Research, Volume 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 270 pp.Google Scholar
Garcia-Lopez, D., Fernandez, J.F., Merino, J.C. & Pastor, J.M. (2013) Influence of organic modifier characteristic on the mechanical properties of polyamide 6/organosepiolite nanocomposites. Composites Part B: Engineering, 45, 459–465.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Giustetto, R. & Chiari, G. (2004) Crystal structure refinements of palygorskite and Maya Blue from molecular modeling and powder synchrotron diffraction. European Journal of Mineralogy, 16, 521–532.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heath, D. & Tadros, T.F. (1983) Influence of pH, electrolyte and poly(vinyl alcohol) addition on the rheological characteristics of aqueous dispersions. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 93, 307–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heller, H. & Keren, R. (2001) Rheology of Na-rich montmorillonite suspension as affected by electrolyte concentration and shear rate. Clays and Clay Minerals, 49, 286–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hiller, K.H. (1963) Rheological measurements on clay suspensions and drilling fluids at high temperatures and pressures. Journal of Petroleum Technology, 15, 779–788.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huang, W.A., Leong, Y.-K., Chen, T., Au, P.-I, Liu, X.H. & Qiu, Z.S. (2016) Surface chemistry and rheological properties of API bentonite drilling fluid: pH effect, yield stress, zeta potential and ageing behavior. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 146, 561–569.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karagüzel, C., Çetinel, T., Boylu, F., Çinku, K. & Çelik, M.S. (2010) Activation of (Na, Ca)-bentonites with soda and MgO and their utilization as drilling mud. Applied Clay Science, 48, 398–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelessidis, V.C., Tsamantaki, C. & Dalamarinis, P. (2007). Effect of pH and electrolyte on the rheology of aqueous Wyoming bentonite dispersions. Applied Clay Science, 38, 86–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keren, R. (1989) Rheology of mixed kaolinite–montmorillonite suspensions. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 53, 725–730.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keren, R., Shainberg, I. & Klein, E. (1988) Settling and flocculation value of sodium-montmorillonite particles in aqueous media. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 52, 76–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Khil'Ko, S.L. & Titov, E.V. (2002) Flow peculiarities of the aqueous suspensions of palygorskite and bentonite clays. Colloid Journal, 64, 631–636.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kim, N.H., Malhotra, S.V. & Xanthos, M. (2006) Modification of cationic nanoclays with ionic liquids. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 96, 29–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ko, Y.C. & Kang, B. (2015) Effects of bentonite concentration and solution pH on the rheological properties and long-term stabilities of bentonite suspensions, Applied Clay Science, 108, 182–190.Google Scholar
Lagaly, G. (1989) Principles of flow of kaolin and bentonite dispersions. Applied Clay Science, 4, 105–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lagaly, G. & Ziesmer, S. (2003) Colloid chemistry of clay minerals: the coagulation of montmorillonite dispersions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 100–102, 105–128.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laribi, S., Fleureua, J.M., Grossiord, J.L. & Kbir-Ariguib, N. (2006) Effect of pH on the rheological behavior of pure and interstratified smectite clays. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 29–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, M.C., Wu, Q.L., Song, K.L., Lee, S.Y., Jin, C.D. & Ren, S.X. (2015) Soy protein isolate as fluid loss additive in bentonite–water-based drilling fluids. ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, 7, 24799–24809.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Liang, H.N., Long, Z., Zhang, H. & Yang, S.H. (2010) Rheological properties of acid-activated bentonite dispersions. Clays and Clay Minerals, 58, 311–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lin, Y., Cheah, L.K.-J., Phan-Thiena, N. & Khoo, B.C. (2016) Effect of temperature on rheological behavior of kaolinite and bentonite suspensions. Colloids & Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 506, 1–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luckham, P.F. & Rossi, S. (1999) The colloidal and rheological properties of bentonite suspensions. Advances in Colloid and Interface Science, 82, 43–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, Z.H., Pei, J.J., Wang, L.X., Yu, P.Z. & Chen, Z.X. (2017) Influence of an ionic liquid on rheological and filtration properties of water-based drilling fluids at high temperatures. Applied Clay Science, 136, 96–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, Z.H., Wang, L.X., Pei, J.J., Yu, P.Z. & Xi, B. (2018) A novel star-shaped copolymer as a rheology modifier in water-based drilling fluids. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 168, 98–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
M'bodj, O., Kbir Ariguib, N., Trabelsi Ayadi, M. & Magnin, A. (2004). Plastic and elastic properties of the systems interstratified clay–water–electrolyte–xanthan. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 273, 675–684.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ma, X.M., Chen, Y. & Qi, L.H. (2014) Research and application of gas-lift reverse circulation drilling technology to geothermal well construction in Dalian Jiaoliu Island. Procedia Engineering, 73, 252–257.Google Scholar
Macfarlane, D.R., Tachikawa, N., Forsyth, M., Pringle, J.M. & Howlett, P.C. (2014) Energy applications of ionic liquids. Energy and Environmental Science, 7, 232–250.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mainye, W. & Teutsch, M.B. (2015) Synergistic Organophilic Clay Mixture as an Additive to Oil-Based Drilling Fluids. WO 2015/138407 A1.Google Scholar
Miyahara, K., Adachi, Y. & Nakaishi, K. (1998) The viscosity of a dilute suspension of sodium montmorillonite in an alkaline state. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 131, 69–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miyahara, K., Ohtsubo, M., Nakaishi, K. & Adachi, Y. (2001) Sedimentation rate of sodium montmorillonite suspension under high ionic strength. Journal of the Clay Science Society of Japan, 40, 179–184.Google Scholar
Mpofu, P., Addai-Mensah, J. & Ralston, J. (2005) Interfacial chemistry, particle interactions and improved dewatering behaviour of smectite clay dispersions. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 75, 155–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neaman, A. & Singer, A. (2000) Rheological properties of aqueous suspensions of palygorskite. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 64, 427–436.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Norrish, K. (1954) The swelling of montmorillonite. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 18, 120–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Núñez, K., Gallego, R., Pastor, J.M. & Merino, J.C. (2014) The structure of sepiolite as support of metallocene co-catalyst during in situ polymerization of polyolefin (nano)composites. Applied Clay Science, 101, 73–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ofei, T.N., Bavoh, C.B. & Rashidi, A.B. (2017) Insight into ionic liquid as potential drilling mud additive for high temperature wells. Journal of Molecular Liquids, 242, 931–939.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Omole, O., Adeleye, J.O., Falode, O., Malomo, S. & Oyedeji, O. (2013) Investigation into the rheological and filtration properties of drilling mud formulated with clays from northern Nigeria. Journal of Petroleum and Gas Engineering, 4, 1–7.Google Scholar
Oyewole, A., Salami, T. & Plank, J. (2013) Preparation and properties of a dispersing fluid loss additive based on humic acid graft copolymer suitable for cementing high temperature (200°C) oil wells. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 129, 1–10.Google Scholar
Paineau, E., Bihannic, I., Baravian, C., Philippe, A.M., Davidson, P., Levitz, P., Funari, S.S., Rochas, C. & Michot, L.J. (2011a) Aqueous suspensions of natural swelling clay minerals. 1. Structure and electrostatic interactions. Langmuir, 27, 5562–5573.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paineau, E., Michot, L.J., Bihannic, I. & Baravian, C. (2011b) Aqueous suspensions of natural swelling clay minerals. 2. Rheological characterization. Langmuir, 27, 7806–7819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Philippe, A.M., Baravian, C., Bezuglyy, V., Angilella, J.R., Meneau, F., Bihannic, I. & Michot, L.J. (2013) Rheological study of two-dimensional very anisometric colloidal particle suspensions: from shear-induced orientation to viscous dissipation. Langmuir, 29, 5315–5324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ramos-Tejada, M.M., Arrovo, F.J., Peren, R. & Duran, J.D.G. (2001) Scaling behavior of the rheological parameters of montmorillonite suspensions: correlation between interparticle interaction and degree of flocculation. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 235, 251–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rossi, S., Luckham, P.F., Zhu, S. & Briscoe, B.J. (1999) High-pressure/high-temperature rheology of Na+-montmorillonite clay suspensions, Presented at: SPE International Symposium on Oilfield Chemistry, 16–19 February 1999, Houston, TX, USA.Google Scholar
Rytwo, G., Rettig, A. & Gonen, Y. (2011) Organo-sepiolite particles for efficient pretreatment of organic wastewater: application to winery effluents. Applied Clay Science, 51, 390–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Santoyo, E., Santoyo-Gutierrez, S., Garcia, A., Espinosa, G. & Moya, S.I. (2001) Rheological property measurement of drilling fluids used in geothermal wells. Applied Thermal Engineering, 21, 283–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shalkevich, A., Stradner, A., Bhat, S.K., Muller, F. & Schurtenberger, P. (2007) Cluster, glass, and gel formation and viscoelastic phase separation in aqueous clay suspensions. Langmuir, 23, 3570–3580.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shanker, P., Teo, J., Leong, Y.K., Fourie, A. & Fahey, M. (2010) Adsorbed phosphate additives for interrogating the nature of interparticles forces in kaolin clay slurries via rheological yield stress. Advanced Powder Technology, 21, 380–385.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shi, L.Y., Li, T.T., Zhang, X.F., Zhang, B. & Liang, H.J. (2008) Effects of temperature and clay content on water-based drilling fluids’ rehological property. Petroleum Drilling Techniques, 36, 20–22.Google Scholar
Singh, M.P., Singh, R.K. & Chandra, S. (2014) Ionic liquids confined in porous matrices: physicochemical properties and applications. Progress in Materials Science, 64, 73–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Suárez, M. & García-Romero, E. (2011) Advances in the crystal chemistry of sepiolite and palygorskite. Developments in Clay Science, 3, 33–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Takahashi, C., Takashi, S. & Masayoshi, F. (2012) Study on intercalation of ionic liquid into montmorillonite and its property evaluation. Material Chemistry and Physics, 135, 681–686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tartaglione, G., Tabuani, D. & Camino, G. (2008) Thermal and morphological characterization of organically modified sepiolite. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 107, 161–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teh, E.J., Leong, Y.K., Liu, Y., Fourie, A.B. & Fahey, M. (2009) Differences in the rheology and surface chemistry of kaolin clay slurries: the source of the variations. Chemical Engineering Science, 64, 3817–3825.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ten Brinke, A.J.W., Bailey, L., Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. & Maitland, G.C. (2007) Rheology modification in mixed shape colloidal dispersions. Part I: pure components. Soft Matter, 3, 1145–1162.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
ten Brinke, A.J.W., Bailey, L., Lekkerkerker, H.N.W. & Maitland, G.C. (2008) Rheology modification in mixed shape colloidal dispersions. Part II: mixtures. Soft Matter, 4, 337–348.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tombácz, E. & Szekeres, M. (2004) Colloidal behavior of aqueous montmorillonite suspensions: the specific role of pH in the presence of indifferent electrolytes. Applied Clay Science, 27, 75–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H. (1951) Rheological phenomena of clay sols in connection with the charge distribution on the micelles. Discussions of the Faraday Society, 11, 82–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H. (1956) Forces between suspended bentonite particles. Clays and Clay Minerals, 4, 204–224.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Olphen, H. (1977) An Introduction to Clay Colloidal Chemistry, 2nd edn.Wiley, New York, NY, USA, 318 pp.Google Scholar
Vryzas, Z., Kelessidis, V.C., Nalbantian, L., Zaspalis, V., Gerogiorgis, D.I. & Wubulikasimu, Y. (2017) Effect of temperature on the rheological properties of neat aqueous Wyoming sodium bentonite dispersions. Applied Clay Science, 136, 26–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wan, T., Yao, J., Zishun, S., Li, W. & Juan, W. (2011) Solution and drilling fluid properties of water soluble AM–AA–SSS copolymers by inverse microemulsion. Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering, 78, 334–337.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, W.B. & Wang, A.Q. (2016) Recent progress in dispersion of palygorskite crystal bundles for nanocomposites. Applied Clay Science, 119, 18–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weng, J.L., Gong, Z.J., Liao, L.L., Lv, G.C. & Tan, J.J. (2018) Comparison of organo-sepiolite modified by different surfactants and their rheological behavior in oil-based drilling fluids. Applied Clay Science, 159, 94–101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, M.Y. & Adachi, Y. (2016) Effects of electrolyte concentration and pH on the sedimentation rate of coagulated suspension of sodium montmorillonite. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 506, 686–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, J., Wang, W. & Wang, A. (2013) Superior dispersion properties of palygorskite in dimethyl sulfoxide via high-pressure homogenization process. Applied Clay Science, 86, 174–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, Z., Wang, H., Sun, D. & Zhu, Z. (2016) Microstructure and adsorption mechanism of intercalated modified Na-bentonite. Chinese Journal of Environmental Engineering, 10, 4879–4886.Google Scholar
Zhang, L.M. & Yin, D.Y. (2002) Preparation of a new lignosulfonate based thinner: introduction of ferrous ions. Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects, 210, 13–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zheng, Y.P., Zhang, J.X., Lan, L. & Yu, P.Y. (2011) Sepiolite nanofluids with liquid-like behavior. Applied Surface Science, 257, 6171–6174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Wu, H., Zhang, H.X., Zhang, Z.P., Zhang, X.M. & Liao, L.L. (2017a) Rheological properties of organo-palygorskite in oil-based drilling fluids aged at different temperatures. Applied Clay Science, 137, 50–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Zhang, Z.P., Gao, J.H., Zhang, X.M., Liao, L.L. (2017b) Influences of surfactants on the structures and properties of organo-palygorskite in oil-based drilling fluids. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 244, 37–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Zhang, Z.P., Jaber, M., Gao, J.H. & Peng, S. (2017c) Comparative study on the structures and properties of organo-montmorillonite and organo-palygorskite in oil-based drilling fluids. Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, 56, 248–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Zhang, Z.P. & Chen, H.W. (2018a) Influence of the interaction between surfactants and sepiolite on the rheological properties and thermal stability of organo-sepiolite in oil-based drilling fluids. Microporous and Mesoporous Materials, 272, 143–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhuang, G.Z., Zhang, Z.P., Yang, H. & Tan, J.J. (2018b) Structures and rheological properties of organo-sepiolite in oil-based drilling Fluids. Applied Clay Science, 154, 43–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zou, J. & Pierre, A.C. (1992) Scanning electron microscopy observations of card-house structures in montmorillonite gels. Journal of Materials Science Letters, 11, 664–665.CrossRefGoogle Scholar