Article contents
The Religious Conspiracy Theory of the American Revolution: Anglican Motive
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
Extract
The historian of American religion seeking to establish the relevance of his specialty to the event of 1776 labors under something of a handicap, a disability epitomized in the cold silence about religion in those documents which have become the secular scriptures of the nation's political faith. Neither the official justification for the Revolution, the Declaration of Independence, nor the popular contemporaneous one, Paine's Common Sense, accords the remotest of influences to formal religion. If the Revolution had a religious dimension, evidence for it must be sought elsewhere. Both the exegete, hoping to throw new light upon old truth, and the skeptic, to whom a received dogma is a standing challenge, have perforce turned to the antiquarian's shelves, stuffed with the literary remains of a pamphleteering age.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of Church History 1976
References
1. Bailyn, Bernard, The Ideological Origins of the American Revolution (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1967), pp. 95–96.Google Scholar
2. Ibid., p. 97.
3. Bridenbaugh, Carl, Mitre and Sceptre: Transatlantic Faiths, Ideas, Personalities and Politics 1689–1775 (London: Oxford University Press, 1962).Google Scholar
4. See the reviews, for example, by Kraus, Michael, American Historical Review 68, no. 2 01 1963): 412–413,CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Schutz, John A., New England Quarterly 36, no. 1 (03 1963): 117–119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
5. On the English government's indifference to church extension in the colonies, see Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, pp. 92–97.Google Scholar Anglican historians from an early day noted the Church of England's thralldom to the government as inhibitory of its growth; for example, Wilberforce, Samuel, A History of the Protestant Episcopal Church in America (London: James Burns, 1844), p. 157.Google Scholar Wilberforce spoke of the “irreligious bias of the administration” under Walpole. See Anderson, James S. M., The History of the Church of England in the Colonies and Foreign Dependencies of the British Empire (London: Rivington's, 1856), 3: 571,Google Scholar who observed the “indifference to the real character and duties of the Church, so unhappily manifested by some of the leading Statesmen of that day.” A modern critic states bluntly that American fears of government support for the church were imaginary; see Benton, William A., Whig-Loyalism: An Aspect of Political Ideology in the American Revolutionary Era (Rutherford, New Jersey: Farleigh Dickinson University Press, 1969), pp. 108, 118.Google Scholar
6. Perry, William Stevens, The History of the American Episcopal Church (Boston: James R. Osgood and Co., 1885), 1: 97–100.Google Scholar
7. Toppan, Robert N. and Goodrich, A. T. S., Edward Randolph (Boston: The Prince Society, 1898–1909), 2: 68; 4:89, 106.Google Scholar
8. Keith, George, The Doctrine of the Holy Apostles and Prophets the Foundation of the Church of England (Boston, 1702), p. 12.Google Scholar
9. Mather, Increase, Some Remarks on a late Sermon, Preached at Boston in New-England [by Keith, George] (Boston, 1702), p. 33.Google Scholar
10. Keith, George, A Reply to Mr. Increase Mather's Printed Remarks on a Sermon Preached by G. K. (New York, 1703), p. 14.Google Scholar
11. Ibid., p. 34.
12. A Letter from some Aged Nonconforming Ministers, to their Christian Friends, Touching the Reasons of their Practice, 4th ed. (Boston, 1712), p. 35.Google Scholar
13. A Discourse had by the late Reverend and Learned Mr. Ebeneezer Pemberton, Previous to the Ordination of the Reverend Mr. Joseph Sewall at Boston, September 16, 1713. 47. Affirming and Proving the Validity of Presbyterial Ordination (Boston, 1718).Google Scholar
14. Slafter, Edmund F., John Checkley; or the Evolution of Religious Toleration in Massachusetts Bay (Boston: The Prince Sciety, 1897), 1:33.Google Scholar
15. Ibid., pp. 33–35.
16. Ibid., pp. 181–184.
17. Ibid., p. 56.
18. Ibid., p. 63.
19. Ibid., p. 242.
20. Sober Remarks on A Book lately Re-printed at Boston, Entituled, A Modest Proof of the Order and Government settled by Christ and his Apostles in the Church (Boston, 1724), pp. 2, 11, 76–77.Google Scholar
21. An Essay Upon that Paradox, Infallibility may sometimes Mistake, Or, A Reply to A Discourse Concerning Episcopacy (Boston, 1724), pp. 12, 27, 32–33.Google Scholar
22. Dickinson, Jonathan, A Defense of Presbyterian Ordination (Boston, 1724), pp. ii–iii, 43–44.Google Scholar
23. Slafter, , John Checkley, 2: 77–78.Google Scholar
24. Ibid., p. 114.
25. Dickinson, Moses, A Sermon Preached at the Ordination of the Reverend Mr. Elisha Kent (Boston, 1733), pp. 15–16.Google Scholar
26. Parsons, Joseph, The Validity of Presbyterian Ordination (Boston, 1733), p. 19.Google Scholar
27. The Scripture-Bishop. Or, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination & Government (Boston, 1732), pp. 3–6.Google Scholar
28. The Scripture Bishop, or, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination and Government, Consider'd in a Dialogue (Boston, 1733). pp. 3–4, 11, 52.Google Scholar
29. Eleutherius Enervatus; or, An Answer to a Pamphlet, Intituled, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination, etc. (New York, 1733), pp. 114–115.Google Scholar
30. Eusebius Inermatus. Just Remarks on a late Book, Intitied “Eleutherius Enervatus” (Boston, 1733), pp. 15, 20, 21.Google Scholar
31. A Second Letter from a Minister of the Church of England, To His Dissenting Parishioners (Boston, 1734), pp. 8, 14.Google Scholar
32. The Scripture Bishop Vindicated (Boston, 1733), p. 90.Google Scholar
33. Eells, Nathanel, The Evangelical Bishop (New London, 1734), p. iii.Google Scholar
34. Some Remarks upon a Second Letter from the Church of England Minister, to his Dissenting Parishioners (Boston, 1736), p. 16.Google Scholar
35. Dickinson, Jonathan, The Vanity of Human Institutions in the Worship of God (New York, 1736), pp. ii–iii, 29.Google Scholar
36. Beach, John, An Appeal to the Unprejudiced (Boston, 1737), p. 92.Google Scholar
37. Dickinson, Jonathan, A Defence of a Sermon Preached at Newark. June 2. 1736. Intitled, the Vanity of human Institutions in the Worship of God (New York, 1737), p. 6.Google Scholar
38. Dickinson, Jonathan, The Reasonableness of Nonconformity to the Church of England, in Point of Worship (Boston, 1738), p. 58.Google Scholar
39. Hobart, Noah, Ministers of the Gospel considered as Fellow-Labourers (Boston, 1747), pp. 23–26.Google Scholar
40. Wetmore, James, A Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England in Connecticut (Boston, 1747), pp. 5–6, 29, 34, 37–39.Google Scholar
41. Hobart, Noah, A Serious Address. To the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England (Boston 1748), pp. 9–10, 48–50, 61, 109–110, 123, 125.Google Scholar
42. Beach, John, A Calm and Dispassionate Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England against the abusive Misrepresentations and falacious Argumentations of Mr. Noah Hobart (Boston, 1749), pp. 3–4, 21–22.Google Scholar
43. Ibid., pp. 49, 53.
44. Ibid., pp. iv-vi.
45. Hobart, Noah, A Second Address, to the Members of the Episcopal Separation in New-England (Boston, 1751), p. 154.Google Scholar
46. Beach, John, A Continuation of the Calm and Dispassionate Vindication of the Professors of the Church of England (Boston, 1751), pp. 39 ff., 67–68.Google Scholar
47. Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, p. 221.Google Scholar
48. Chauncy, Charles, The Validity of Presbyterian Ordination asserted and Maintained (Boston, 1762), pp. 6–7.Google Scholar
49. Apthorp, East, Considerations on the Institution and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 10–11, 14.Google Scholar
50. Mayhew, Jonathan, Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 7, 73, 78, 107, 155.Google Scholar
51. An Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations (Boston, 1764), pp. 9–11, 15–16, 19.Google Scholar
52. Mayhew, Jonathan, Remarks on an Anonymous Tract, entitled An Answer to Dr. Mayhew's Observations (Boston, 1764), pp. 31–32, 35, 56 ff.Google Scholar
53. Ibid., pp. 42–43.
54. Mayhew, Jonathan, A Defence of the Observations on the Charter and Conduct of the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts (Boston, 1763), pp. 7–8.Google Scholar
55. Beach, John, A Friendly Expostulation, with all Persons concern'd in publishing a late Pamphlet, entitled, The real Advantages which Ministers and People may enjoy, especially in the Colonies, by conforming to the Church of England (New York, 1763), p. 33.Google Scholar
56. Welles, Noah, The Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination asserted (New York, 1763), pp. ii–iii, 9, 78.Google Scholar
57. Learning, Jeremiah, A Defence of the Episcopal Government of the Church (New York, 1766), pp. 7, 46.Google Scholar
58. Welles, Noah, A Vindication of The Validity and Divine Right of Presbyterian Ordination (New Haven, 1767), pp. 11, 30–31.Google Scholar
59. Chauncy, Charles, A Letter to a Friend, containing Remarks on certain Passages in a sermon Preached, by the Right Reverend Father in God, John Lord Bishop of Liondaff (Boston, 1767), pp. 7, 13, 31, 46–47, 48–49.Google Scholar
60. Ibid., p. 47.
61. Bridenbaugh, , Mitre and Sceptre, p. 310.Google Scholar
62. One of the ironies of the tale was that political separation from England made possible for Episcopalians their own bishops and an unparalleled growth in the northern states, a growth largely by adult conversions from the non-Episcopalian denominations. During the hundred years after the Revolution, a large number of communicants of the Episcopal Church, and a large proportion of its ministers, perhaps as many as a third of the latter, were converts. The colonial nonconformists' opposition to the Anglican doctrine of ordination, and to the presence of the bishops who would have made it effectual, would seem to have been the most prudent of self-defenses.
- 2
- Cited by