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Modern Marital Practices and the Growth of World Christianity During the Mid-Twentieth Century
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 15 May 2015
Abstract
Studies concerned with modernity, mission Christianity, and sexuality generally address how western, Christian gender ideologies have affected women or how they have affected modernization. This article approaches the nexus of modernity, Christianity, and sexuality from a different angle. One of the notable consequences of modernization was that young people in industrializing nations began demanding the right to choose their own spouse and marry for love. Several scholars have noted the connection between modernization and spouse self-selection, but none have explored the relationship between Christianity's endorsement of spouse self-selection and its global appeal during the mid-twentieth century. This article examines a collection of letters written by young Africans to missionary Walter Trobisch after reading his popular 1962 book, I Loved a Girl. These letters suggest that Christianity's endorsement of spouse self-selection and marrying for love gave it a kind of modern appeal for young people who were eagerly adopting the modern values of individualism and self-fulfillment. The practice of prayer provided relief to young people who were struggling to navigate the unfamiliar realm of dating in the modern world.
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References
1 Trobisch, The Complete Works of Walter Trobisch (Downers Grove, Ill.: InterVarsity, 1987)Google Scholar, 31.
2 Ibid.
3 Ibid., 33.
4 Ibid.
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7 Between 1962 and 1964, thirty thousand copies of the book were sold in French Cameroon alone (E. Suh to Walter Trobisch, June 25, 1964, box 15, folder S, Walter Trobisch Collection, Evangelical Lutheran Church in America Archives, Elk Grove Village, Ill. [hereafter WTC-ELCAA]). By 1965, both the English and French editions were “in their fourth printing” (List of all the editions of J'ai Aimé Une Fille either published or in progress, box 12, “Heidelberg” folder, WTC-ELCAA). Translations existed or were in progress for about thirty African languages (David Trobisch has copies of most of these editions and translations at his home in Springfield, Miss. It is also still possible to find copies of them in various libraries throughout the world). By 1969, sixteen printings of the text had been made for English-speaking Africans (James Sutton to Walter Trobisch, December 5, 1969, Ingrid Trobisch Papers, David Trobisch Residence, Springfield, Miss.). The French edition also went through several printings (WorldCat, accessed August 6, 2012, lists four printings from Karl Bäuerle in Karlsruhe, Germany, four from Editions Trobisch, one from Ed. Labor et fides in Genève, and one from Opération mobilisation France). For Trobisch's claim that the tragic ending of I Loved a Girl contributed to its popularity, see Walter Trobisch to Edward Sammis, April 7, 1964, Ingrid Trobisch Papers, David Trobisch Residence, Springfield, Miss.
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10 As the letters became more numerous, Trobisch hired people to help him answer them. The Trobisches kept the letters they had received and carbon copies of the letters they wrote in response. See Anneke Stasson, “Love, Sex, and Marriage in the Global Mission of Walter and Ingrid Trobisch” (PhD thesis, Boston University, 2013), 130–134.
11 Ingrid Trobisch to Mrs. Johnson, August 25, 1971, box 19, WTC-ELCAA. Some people carried on a correspondence with Trobisch over a series of months or years. Others simply wrote him a single letter. This article focuses on letters from people who carried on a lengthy correspondence with Trobisch.
12 This estimate comes from Joel Thoreson, Archivist at the ELCAA, email to author, May 12, 2014.
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49 Ibid., 108.
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52 Genesis 2:24, King James Version.
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54 Ibid., 511.
55 Dougall, Christianity and the Sex-Education of the African, 100–101, 122; Hastings, Christian Marriage in Africa, 64.
56 Hastings believed that the lack of marriage guidance in Africa was “the most obvious gap in the Church's work.” He called Trobisch “one of the most experienced Lutheran missionaries working in Africa” and appreciated Trobisch's pioneering work as a marriage counselor. Hastings, Christian Marriage in Africa, 107.
57 In the original French: “Suis-je donc à vendre, pour que vous vous croyiez obligés de me donner au plus offrant? Ne puis-je donc pas être consultée pour un marriage qui me concerne?” Guillaume Oyono Mbia, Trois Prétendants . . . Un Mari (Yaoundé: Editions CLE, 1964), 17–18.Google Scholar
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59 Goode, World Revolution and Family Patterns (New York: The Free Press, 1963)Google Scholar, 171.
60 Chuks J. Mba and Martin W. Bangha, “Reflections on the Changing Family System in Cameroon,” in African Families, 187.
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65 Ibid., 231.
66 Dougall, Christianity and the Sex-Education of the African, 12–13; Trobisch, I Loved a Girl; Trobisch, Walter, Love Is a Feeling to Be Learned (Kehl/Rhein: Editions Trobisch, 1971)Google Scholar; Hastings, Christian Marriage in Africa, 38; Mbiti, John, Love and Marriage in Africa (London: Longman, 1973), 33, 66–67Google Scholar, 72–74.
67 In traditional Cameroonian society, among the Akan of Ghana, and among the Nupe of West Africa all premarital sex was frowned upon (Mba, “Reflections on the Changing Family System in Cameroon,” 186; Ayisi, Eric O., An Introduction to the Study of Africa Culture, 2nd ed. [London: Heinemann, 1979]Google Scholar, 6; Lucy Mair, “African Marriage and Social Change” in Survey of African Marriage, 11, 118). Among the Xhosa of South Africa, the Gikuyu of Kenya, the Pondo, Venda and Zulu of Southern Africa, and the Hausa of West Africa some premarital sexual activity was allowed, but young people were to avoid becoming pregnant (Pauw, The Second Generation, 121; Kenyatta, Jomo, Facing Mount Kenya [New York: Vintage Books, 1965]Google Scholar, 149; Mair, “African Marriage and Social Change,” 11–12, 118). In some African societies—for example among the Ganda, Luhya, Hehe, Kipsigis, Birwana, Sumbwa, and Gikuyu of East Africa—female virginity upon marriage was praised, even though premarital sex was allowed (Mair, “African Marriage and Social Change,” 50). It should also be mentioned that some African societies—for example, the Junam of East Africa and the Korongo and Mesakin of West Africa—had no problem with premarital sex (Mair, “African Marriage and Social Change,” 49, 118).
68 Trobisch, The Complete Works, 36–37.
69 C. Tanmi to Walter Trobisch, June 1965, box 15, folder T, WTC-ELCAA.
70 Ibid.
71 Jean Banyolak, “Africa Needs Marriage Counsellors,” All Africa Conference of Churches Bulletin (February 1965): 67.
72 T. Bogale to Walter Trobisch, April 1, 1967, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
73 Ibid.
74 J. Ngbede Elijah to Walter Trobisch, August 12, 1975, box 14, folder E, WTC-ELCAA.
75 N. Tangwan to Ingrid Trobisch, February 23, 1966, box 15, folder T, WTC-ELCAA.
76 F. Tekele to Walter Trobisch, November 17, 1966, box 15, folder T, WTC-ELCAA.
77 A. Suh to Walter Trobisch, April 17, 1968, box 15, folder S, WTC-ELCAA.
78 Walter Trobisch to A. Suh, May 1, 1968, box 15, folder S, WTC-ELCAA.
79 Ibid.
80 When she next wrote, she said, “I was really very happy with the reply of your letter.” A. Suh to Walter Trobisch, August 1, 1968, box 15, folder S, WTC-ELCAA.
81 W. Kyereh to Walter Trobisch, February 5, 1974, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
82 Ibid.
83 M. Bekele to Walter Trobisch, October 26, 1967, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
84 Ibid.
85 L. H. Chikoya to Walter Trobisch, October 15, 1973, box 14, folder C, WTC-ELCAA.
86 W. Banutalira to Walter Trobisch, n.d., box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
87 Walter Trobisch to W. Banutalira, April 4, 1968, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
88 W. Banutalira to Walter Trobisch, June 8, 1970, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
89 Trobisch, The Complete Works, 50–52.
90 S. Iyoku to Walter Trobisch, November 8, 1973, box 14, folder I, WTC-ELCAA.
91 Ibid.
92 Walter Trobisch to S. Iyoku, December 13, 1973, box 14, folder I, WTC-ELCAA.
93 T. Fosu to Walter Trobisch, June 6, 1974, box 14, folder F, WTC-ELCAA.
94 M. Chulu to Walter Trobisch, April 17, 1969, box 14, folder C, WTC-ELCAA.
95 M. Bekele to Walter Trobisch, October 26, 1967, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA. Mudido from Uganda had the same question. See E. Mudido to Ingrid Trobisch, March 8, 1966, box 15, folder M.
96 M. Bekele to Walter Trobisch, March 29, 1968, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
97 Walter Trobisch to M. Bekele, April 21, 1968, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
98 J. Kizza to Walter Trobisch, n.d., box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
99 Walter Trobisch to J. Kizza, December 15, 1969, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
100 J. Kizza to Walter Trobisch, January 19, 1970, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
101 J. Kinyanjui to Walter Trobisch, January 18, 1978, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
102 Walter Trobisch to J. Kinyanjui, March 3, 1978, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
103 J. Kinyanjui to Walter Trobisch, January 30, 1979, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
104 Walter Trobisch to J. Kinyanjui, May 4, 1979, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
105 G. Mashaba to Ingrid Trobisch, October 17, 1966, box 15, folder M, WTC-ELCAA.
106 Walter Trobisch to G. Mashaba, July 6, 1967, box 15, folder M, WTC-ELCAA.
107 Ibid.
108 Y. Beiene to Walter Trobisch, September 30, 1971, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
109 Ibid.
110 Walter Trobisch to Y. Beiene, November 24, 1971, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
111 Y. Beiene to Walter Trobisch, December 1, 1971, box 14, folder B, WTC-ELCAA.
112 A. Wibaba to Ingrid Trobisch, n.d., box 15, folder W, WTC-ELCAA.
113 Walter Trobisch to A. Wibaba, November 14, 1968, box 15, folder W, WTC-ELCAA.
114 She wrote, “If ever God wants me to marry I would like a man who will be interested to work with me in my church because my church counts a lot on me.” Wibaba to Trobisch, n.d., box 15, folder W, WTC-ELCAA.
115 P. Kagotho to Walter Trobisch, May 12, 1973 and January 5, 1974, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
116 Walter Trobisch to P. Kagotho, January 28, 1974, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
117 P. Kagotho to Walter Trobisch, April 18, 1975, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
118 R. Klu to Walter Trobisch, April 29, 1976, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
119 Walter Trobisch to R. Klu, June 29, 1976, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA
120 R. Klu to Walter Trobisch, October 29, 1976, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
121 R. Klu to Walter Trobisch, February 24, 1977, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
122 R. Klu to Walter Trobisch, June 13, 1977, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
123 Walter Trobisch to R. Klu, June 13, 1977 and R. Klu to Walter Trobisch, December 14, 1978, box 14, folder K, WTC-ELCAA.
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133 The Walter Trobisch archival materials offer further support for this claim. Between 1962 and 1979, Trobisch's I Loved a Girl was translated into some seventy languages spanning six continents. Trobisch received letters from readers around the globe. It has not been possible for this article to incorporate letters from regions outside of Africa, but such work would certainly help to substantiate the global claim of this article. For a translation history of I Loved a Girl, see Stasson, “Love, Sex, and Marriage,” 116–130.