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Members of the Clergy before the Maltese Diocesan Court, 1750–1798
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 23 February 2021
Abstract
This article analyzes the procedure of the Maltese diocesan court in dealing with clerical misconduct in the second half of the eighteenth century. The clergy were accused especially of physical and verbal abuse as well as of sexual incontinence. They were given a fair hearing, being assisted by a lawyer, presenting their own witnesses, and having the right to appeal the sentence. The article also discusses how the court tried to protect the clergy's honor and reputation in an attempt to avoid anticlericalism. Convicted priests could stop proceedings against them with a fine, and those of them guilty of immoral behavior were assigned another parish or else transferred to an oratory where they did penance.
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- Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of American Society of Church History
Footnotes
Maltese currency: 1 scudo = 12 tarì; 1 tarì = 20 grani; 1 uncia = 2½ scudi = 30 tari. 1 scudo = £3.82 = €4.35 = $4.90
References
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59 One such exception was Canon Giovanni Maria Azzopardi Castelletti (1758–1764), who seriously disrupted diocesan justice. The charges against him centered especially on his inflexibility, corruption, and simony, which made it easy for prostitutes to get communion tickets. Ciappara, Mill-Qigħan Ta’ l-Istorja, 34–41. For the qualifications of church judges, see AAM, Inform. 6, no. 18.
60 They were recruited from the highly qualified lawyers of Malta like Fabrizio Grech. See Archivum Cathedralae Melitense (hereafter cited as ACM), Misc. 24, fol. 291; Ignazio Saverio Mifsud (CEM, AO 660, fol. 223); and Giuseppe Borg Olivier (CEM, AO 689, fol. 192).
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77 AAM, Dicta 28A, no. 8.
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88 For such examples, see CEM, AO 703, fol. 235v; AAM, Dicta 26, nos. 16, 76; AAM, Dicta 27, nos. 29, 54; AAM, Dicta 28, no. 10; and AAM, Supp. 16, no. 108.
89 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 76.
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93 John Bossy, Christianity and the West, 1400–1700 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1985), 57–75; and Bossy, Peace in the Post-Reformation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998).
94 Christian brotherhood was also the primary aim of the Capuchins’ and, especially, the Jesuits’ missions. See Frans Ciappara, “Confraternal Organisation in Early Modern Malta,” Confraternitas 29, no. 1 (2018): 13; and Adriano Prosperi, Tribunali della coscienza: Inquisitori, confessori, missionari (Turin: Einaudi, 1996), 292–295.
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96 CEM, AO 683, fol. 48v.
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98 CEM, AO 705, fol. 47. See also AAM, Dicta 24, no. 36: “de non accedendo ad domum Angelo Bonnici, nec conversando cum Maria eius uxore.”
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102 Irene Fosi, Papal Justice: Subjects and Courts in the Papal State, 1500–1750, trans. Thomas V. Cohen (Washington, DC: Catholic University of America Press, 2011), 169.
103 AAM, Inform. 5, no. 63.
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110 CEM, AO 691, fols. 294r–v.
111 AAM, Dicta 24, nos. 21, 45.
112 AAM, Dicta 26, no. 101.
113 AAM, Dicta 25, no. 67.
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116 Archives of the Inquisition Malta (hereafter cited as AIM), Processi 115A, fols. 393r–398v; and AIM, Processi 117B, fols. 534r–537v. See also Marlene Mifsud Chircop and Mark Montebello, Min qatel il-patri? Ġrajja storika (Malta: Midsea, 2016), 104. For central Europe, see Ulrich Lehner, Monastic Prisons and Torture Chambers: Crime and Punishment in Central European Monasteries 1600–1880 (Eugene, Oreg.: Wipf and Stock, 2013).
117 For the tribunal of the Roman inquisition in Malta, see Frans Ciappara, Society and the Inquisition in Early Modern Malta (Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group, 2000). For the relations between bishops and inquisitors, see Ciappara, Society and the Inquisition, 237, 346–348; and Ciappara, The Roman Inquisition in Enlightened Malta, 71–76. For Italy, see Giovanni Romeo, L'Inquisizione nell'Italia moderna (Rome: Laterza, 2002); and Andrea Del Col, L'Inquisizione in Italia dal XII al XXI secolo (Milan: Mondadori, 2006).
118 For the relationship between this church department and Italian bishops, see Giovanni Romeo, “La Congregazione dei Vescovi e Regolari e i Visitatori Apostolici nell'Italia post-Tridentina: un primo balancio,” in Per il Cinquecento Religioso Italiano. Cultura e Società, ed. Maurizio Sangalli, vol. 2 (Rome: Edizione dell'Ateneo, 2003), 607–614.
119 De Luca, Il Vescovo Pratico, 446.
120 On this topic, see Marco Cavarzere, “La Giustizia Ecclesiastica in Periferia. Il Pluralismo Giurisdizionale della Chiesa attraverso il Caso di Aquileia,” Giornale di Storia 9 (2012): 1–10.
121 AAM, Supp. 19, no. 99.
122 Ciappara, Frans, Church-State Relations in Late-eighteenth-century Malta: Gio. Nicolò Muscat 1735–1803 (Malta: Malta University Press, 2018), 130–133Google Scholar.
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126 Schroeder, Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent, 198. See also Elena Cristina Brambilla, “La polizia dei tribunali ecclesiastici e le riforme della giustizia penale,” in Corpi armati e ordine pubblico in Italia XVI–XIX sec., eds. Livio Antonielli and Claudio Donati (Catanzaro: Rubbettino, 2003), 90–92.
127 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 2.
128 AAM, Dicta 27, no. 43. Yet for some reason, when Luca Cilia, Francesco Canaletto, and Rosa Canaletto manhandled Don Vinvenzo Micallef in 1768, they were absolved from excommunication privately by the parish priest at his residence at Senglea. See AAM, Dicta 30A, no. 66.
129 Mancino and Romeo, Clero Criminale, 79.
130 Mancino, “La giustizia penale,” 1009.
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134 CEM, AO 694, fols. 71r–190v. See also AAM, Corrispondenza 19, fols. 993r–995r.
135 Zardin, Danilo, “Il concilio di Trento e il rinnovamento cattolico dell'età moderna,” in Religione, cerimoniale e società nelle terre milanesi, eds. Zardin, Danilo, Pagani, Fabrizio, and Pisoni, Carlo Alessandro (Germignaga: Magazzeno storico verbanese, 2014), 31–45Google Scholar. See also Pierre Janelle, The Catholic Reformation (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1949).
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