Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-08T01:21:09.154Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ecumenical Stirrings: Catholic-Protestant Relations during the Episcopacy of John Carroll

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Joseph Agonito
Joseph Agonito
Affiliation:
Mr. Agonito is professor of history in Onondaga Community College, Syracuse, New York.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In 1790, the year John Carroll was consecrated as the first Roman Catholic Bishop of Baltimore, the Catholic population numbered less than 40,000—a very distinct minority in a country of nearly 4,000,000 people. As a small group living in a society overwhelmingly composed of Protestants, Catholics could not avoid mixing with those of different faiths in their everyday life.1 Carroll viewed such contacts with mixed feelings. As a native American he understood that so many of his countrymen considered his church, however wrongly, an “alien” institution. He resented most the accusation that the allegiance that Catholics owed to Rome detracted from their attachment to the United States.

Type
Research Article
Information
Church History , Volume 45 , Issue 3 , September 1976 , pp. 358 - 373
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1976

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Shaughnessy, Gerald, Has the Immigrant Kept the Faith? A Study of Immigration and Catholic Church Growth in the United States 1790–1920 (New York: Macmillan Company, 1925), pp. 36–38.Google Scholar

2. John Carroll. “First Sermon as Bishop of Baltimore,” 12 December 1790, Maryland Province Archives of the Society of Jesus, Baltimore (hereafter MPA).

3. Carroll to Cardinal Hyacinth Gerdil. Prefect of the Roman Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, December 1795. John Carroll Papers. Father Thomas O'Brien Hanley of Baltimore, editor of the John Carroll Papers, provided me with a typescript, microfilm copy of Archbishop Carroll's correspondence. All references to the John Carroll Papers— hereafter JCP—are from this source.

4. For a thorough study of the position of Catholics during the revolutionary era consult Ray, Sister Mary Augustina, American Opinion of Roman Cathlicism in the Eighteenth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1936), chap. 7,Google Scholar “The Tradition in the Pre-Revolutionary Decade,” pp. 263–310 chap. 8, “The Revolution,” pp. 310–350; and chap. 9, “Making the Constitutions,” pp. 350–394.

5. Ibid., pp. 310, 348–349; O'Brien Hanley, Thomas, The American Revolution and Religion: Maryland 1700–1800 (Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1971), pp. 210–214Google Scholar shows the improved image of Catholics in Maryland.

6. Carroll attended a dinner in honor of the Ancient and Honorable Artillery Company (6 June 1791), where he gave “thanks” at the banquet at Faneuil Hall. Reverend John Eliot noted in his interleaved almanac for that day, “An elegant entertainment at the hail, where a clergyman of the C. of England (Rev. Dr. Parker) and a Romish Bp. acted as Chaplains. How would our Fathers have stared! Tempora mutantur etc., and much to the credit of modern times.” Quoted in Merritt, Percival, “Sketches of the Three Earliest Roman Catholic Priests in Boston,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts 25 (1923): 205–206.Google Scholar

7. Carroll to Plowden, 11 June 1791, MPA, Box 202–B36.

8. As quoted in Lord, Robert H., Sexton, John E., and Harrington, Edward T., History of the Archdiocese of Boston, 3 vols. (New York: Sheed and Ward, 1944), 1:457.Google Scholar

9. Carroll to Cardinal Leonardo Antonelli, Prefect of the Roman Congregation for the Propagation of the Faith, 27 February 1785, JCP: Carroll to Guiseppe Doria Pamphili, Apostolic Nuncio at Paris, 27 February 1785, JCP; Hanley, , American Revolution and Religion, p. 214.Google Scholar

10. For a full account of this incident see Matignon's letter to Carroll, 16 March 1801, Archives of the Archdiocese of Baltimore (hereafter AAB), Case 5–H4. A good secondary account of this controversy is Lucey, William Leo, Edward Kavanagh: Catholic, Statesman, Diplomat from Maine 1795–1844 (Francestown, New Hampshire: Marshall Jones Company, 1947), pp. 31–38.Google Scholar

11. Cheverus to Carroll, 10 March 1801, AAB, Case 2–N3.

12. Carroll to Plowden. 30 April 1792. MPA, Box 202–B42.

13. Bentley, William, The Diary of William Bentley, 4 vols. (Salem, Massachusetts: Essex Institute, 1905–1914), 1:161–162, 165–166.Google Scholar Bentley was a generous and tolerant person. He assisted Thayer in finding the few Catholics that lived in Salem. When no Catholic family could be found to maintain Thayer while in the town, Bentley offered his own house to the visiting priest.

14. Badin, Stephen Theodore, “Origin and Progress of the Missions of Kentucky,” Catholic World 21 (09 1875): 830–831.Google Scholar

15. Extract of an Answer. Carroll to William Vousdan, 10 September 1801, AAB, Case 8A-Y6.

16. Bruté, Simon William Gabriel, “Bishop Bruté's Account of Religion at Emmitsburg, Md.,” American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia Researches 15 (01 1898): 89.Google Scholar

17. Thayer to Carroll, 4 October 1797, AAB, Case 8B-I6.

18. Trustees of the Catholic Church in Albany to Carroll, 26 April 1802, AAB, Case 11A-A5.

19. Joseph Durand, “Epistle or Diary of the Reverend Marie Joseph Durand,” trans. Flick, Ella M. E., Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 26 (12 1915): 331. (hereafter Records).Google Scholar

20. Benedict Joseph Flaget, “Bishop Flaget's Diary,” trans. Howlett, William J., Records 29 (09 1919): 240, 244Google Scholar; McAvoy, Thomas T., The Catholic Church in Indiana 1789–1834 (New York: Columbia University Press, 1940), p. 128.Google Scholar

21. Anthony Filicchi to Elizabeth Bayley Seton, 8 October 1804, printed in Seton, Elizabeth, Memoirs, Letters, and Journal of Elizabeth Seton, ed. and comp. Robert Seton, 2 vols. (New York: P. O'Shea, 1869), 1:200–201.Google Scholar

22. Curran, Francis X., “The Jesuit Colony in New York 1808–1817,” Historical Records and Studies 42 (1954): 58–59.Google Scholar

23. Guilday, Peter Keenan, The Life and Times of John Carroll: Archbishop of Baltimore 1735–1815 (New York: The Encyclopedia Press, 1922), p. 384.Google Scholar

24. As quoted in Mast, Sister M. Dolorita, Always the Priest: The Life of Gabriel Richard (Baltimore: Helicon Press, 1965), p. 144.Google Scholar

25. Aitken, John, A Compilation of the Litanies and Vespers, Hymns and Anthems, as they are Sung in the Catholic Church (Philadelphia: By the Author, 1787)Google Scholar; Nemmers, Erwin Esser, Twenty Centuries of Catholic Church Music (Milwaukee: The Bruce Publishing Company, 1948), p. 166Google Scholar; Henry, H. T., “A. Philadelphia Choir Book of 1817,” Records 26 (09 1915) 219–221.Google Scholar

26. Carr, Benjamin, Masses, Vespers, Litanies, Hymns, Psalms, Anthems, & Motets, Composed, Selected and Arranged for the use of the Catholic Churches in the United States of America (Philadelphia 1808)Google Scholar; Nemmers, , Twenty Centuries of Catholic Church Music, p. 168Google Scholar; Kirlin, Joseph L. J., Catholicity in Philadelphia (Philadelphia: John Jos. McVey, 1909), pp. 191–192Google Scholar; Campbell, Jane, “Notes on a Few Old Catholic Hymnbooks,” Records 31 (06 1920): 132–133.Google Scholar Campbell pointed out that Carr's hymnbook was used in the choirs at St. Mary's and St. Augustine's churches, Philadelphia. Copies of Carr's work were purchased by Bishop Carroll, Michael Egan, Bishop of Philadelphia, and by DuBourg. President of Mount St. Mary's College at Emmitsburg, Maryland.

27. Grassi, John, “The Catholic Religion in the United States in 1818,” Researches 8 (1891): 105.Google Scholar

28. Flaget, , “Bishop Flaget's Diary,” pp. 46, 48, 160.Google Scholar

29. Sibourd to Carroll, 12 February 1812, AAB, Case 7–R4.

30. VanRuffell to Carroll, February 11, 1811, AAB, Case 8–P7.

31. Carroll to Francis Beeston, Secretary to the Diocesan Synod, 16 November 1791. AAB, Case 9–E2; Grassi, , “The Catholic Religion in the United States in 1818,” p. 107.Google Scholar

32. Lord, , Sexton, , and Harrington, , History of the Archdiocese of Boston, 1:581–584Google Scholar; Connolly, Arthur J., “Rev. Francis A. Matignon, First Pastor of Holy Cross, Boston,” United States Catholic Historica1 Magazine 3 (1890): 143.Google Scholar

33. Father Ferdinand Farmer to Carroll, 10 May 1785, AAB, Case 3–P9.

34. Trustees of the Catholic Church in Alexandria, Virginia to Carroll, 20 June 1810, AAB, Case 10–A5; Patrick Campbell to Matthew Carey, 8 August 1812. printed in “Selections from the Correspondence of the Deceased Matthew Carey, Writer, Printer, Publisher,” Records 9 (09 1898): 345.Google Scholar

35. Mattingly, Sister Mary Ramona, The Catholic Church on the Kentucky Frontier 1785–1812 (Washington, D. C.: Catholic University of America Press, 1936), pp. 89, 92.Google Scholar

36. Flaget to Plessis, 18 June 1816, printed in Lindsay, Lionel, trans. and ed., “Correspondence between Bishop Plessis of Quebec, Canada and Bishop Flaget of Bardstown, KY. 1811–1833,” Records 18 (03 1907): 24Google Scholar; Fox, Sister M. Columba, The Life of the Right Reverend John Baptist Mary David 1761–1841 (New York: United States Catholic Historical Society, 1925), p. 85.Google Scholar

37. David to Brut, 18 July 1811, Notre Dame Archives, Joseph Herman Schauinger Transscripts (Private collection).

38. Mattingly, , Catholic Church on the Kentucky Frontier, pp. 96, 98–99, 101.Google Scholar

39. Hertkorn, Francis, A Retrospect of Holy Trinity Parish 1789–1814 (Philadelphia: F. McManns, Jr. and Company, 1914), pp. 29–30.Google Scholar

40. Mattingly, , Catholic Church on the Kentucky Frontier, p. 92Google Scholar; Schaulnger, Joseph Herman, Stephen Theodore Badin, Priest in the Wilderness (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1956), p. 148.Google Scholar

41. Badin to Carroll, 3 October 1810, AAB, Case 1-310.

42. Nerinckx to relatives in Belgium, September 1805, quoted in Howlett, William J., Life of Reverend Charles Nerinckx (Techny, Illinois: Mission Press, 1915), p. 119.Google Scholar

43. Grassi, , “The Catholic Religion in the United States in 1818,” p. 103.Google Scholar

44. de Mondésir, Édouard, Souvenir d'Édouard de Mondésir (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1942), p. 48.Google Scholar

45. Hanley, , American Revolution and Religion, pp. 216–217.Google Scholar

46. Carroll to Plowden, 24 February 1790, MPA, Box 202–B26; Steiner, Bernard C., History of Education in Maryland (Washington, D. C.: United States Government Printing Office, 1894), pp. 101–102Google Scholar; Carroll to Visitors and Governors of Washington College, 1 July 1785, JCP.

47. Carroll to Farmer, December 1784, JCP; Carroll to Plowden, 27 February 1785, MPA, Box 202.B8; Carroll to the Visitors and Governors of Washington College, 1 July 1785, JCP.

48. Carroll to Farmer, December 1784, JCP; Carroll to Plowden, 24 February 1790, MPA, Box 202–B26. The founding of Georgetown College by John Carroll did not imply a repudiation of the Maryland experiment in education, though Carroll did become more critical of Washington and St. John's colleges during the late 1780s. It was, above all, Carroll's need for an American trained clergy and his growing belief that the faith of young boys could be best safeguarded in a Catholic college that led him to establish Georgetown. John Carroll, “First Sermon as Bishop of Baltimore,” 12 December 1790, MPA; Bishop Carroll's “Pastoral to the Catholics of United States,” 28 May 1792, MPA; Daly, John M., Georgetown University: Origin and Early Years (Washington, D. C.: Georgetown University Press, 1957), pp. 26, 31–32, 34, 47, 51, 76–77Google Scholar; Hanley, , American Revolution and Religion pp. 218–19.Google Scholar

49. Carroll to Joseph Edenshink April-June 1785, JCP.

50. Carroll to Farmer, December 1784, JCP.

51. Lord, , Sexton, , and Harrington, , History of the Archdiocese of Boston, 1:603–604.Google Scholar

52. Carroll to Samuel Willard, President of Harvard College, 14 May 1804, JCP.

53. Charles Sewall to Nicholas Sewall, 29 July 1803, printed in Hughes, Thomas Aloysius, History of the Society of Jesus in North America: Documents (London: Longmans, Green, and Company, 1910), 1, pt. 2:798–799.Google Scholar

54. Father James Wallace to Grassi, 21 September 1812, MPA, Box 202–C16.

55. Father Anthony Kohlman to Father William Strickland, 28 November 1810, MPA, Box 4–S2; Kohlman to Grassi, 26 July 1809, MPA, Box 203–N4; MS. Brother John McElroy, “Diary,” 1 January 1813 to 4 September 1815, pp. 2, 59–60, Georgetown University Archives, Box 521–9; Ruane, Joseph William, The Beginning of the Society of St. Sulpice in the United States 1791–1829 (Washington: Catholic University of America Press, 1935), pp. 121–122.Google Scholar

56. Melville, Annabelle M., Elizabeth Bayley Seton 1774–1821 (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1951), p. 221Google Scholar; Kohlman to Grassi, 18 May 1813, MPA, Box 204–Z16; Howlett, , Life of Reverend Charles Nerinckx, p. 267.Google Scholar

57. Copy of a Proposal for Estalishibng an Academy at Georgetown 1788, MPA, Box 65–Z1.

58. Kelly to Seton, 8 April 1806, printed in Seton, , Memoirs, Letters, and Journal of Elizabeth Seton, 1:244–246.Google Scholar

59. Melville, , Elizabeth Bayley Seton, p. 221.Google Scholar

60. Wallace to Grassi, 21 September 1812, MPA, Box 203–016; Wallace to Graasi, 1 July 1813, MPA, Box 204–W1.

61. Emery to DuBourg, 26 February 1804, quoted in Ruane, , The Beginning of the Society of St. Sulpice in the United States, pp. 121–123.Google Scholar

62. Carroll to Plowden, 10 January 1808, Guilday Collection, Catholic University of America Archives.

63. A copy of the proposed bill, with John Carroll's marginal notes, can be found in AAB, Special Case C-A9.

64. Carroll to Plowden, 27 February 1785, MPA, Box 202–B8; Hanley, , American Revolution and Religion, pp. 64–68, 212–213.Google Scholar

65. Purcell, Richard J., “Thayer, John,” Dictionary of American Biography, 9, pt. 2: 406–407Google Scholar; Merritt, Percival, “Sketches of the Three Earliest Roman Catholic Priests in Boston,” Publications of the Colonial Society of Massachusetts 25 (1923): 211–215Google Scholar; Connolly, Arthur T., “Historical Sketch of the Rev. John Thayer, Boston's First Native Born Priest,” United States Catholic Historical Magazine 2 (07, 1888): 261–265Google Scholar; Lord, , Sexton, , and Harrington, , History of the Archdiocese of Boston, 1:358–367.Google Scholar

66. Thayer, John, An Account of the Conversion of the Reverend John Thayer (Baltimore: William Goddard, 1788), p. 16.Google Scholar

67. Father John Thorpe to Carroll, 11 August 1790, AAB, Case 8B-K6; see Father William Strickland to Carroll, May 1789, AAB, Case 8–A6 and Plowden to Carroll, 13 November 1787, AAB, Case 6–K5.

68. Thayer to Carroll, 6 January 1790, AAB, Case 8B-H1.

69. Guilday, , John Carroll, p. 424Google Scholar; Purcell, , “Thayer,” p. 407Google Scholar; Merritt, , “Sketches,” p. 223Google Scholar; John Gardiner's attack on Thayer is printed in Thayer, John, Controversy Between the Rev. John Thayer and the Rev. George Lesslie (Newburyport: John Mycall, 1793), pp. 108–112Google Scholar; Webster, Noah, American Magazine (09 1788) 1:738–739.Google Scholar

70. Guilday, , John Carroll, p. 423Google Scholar; Merritt, , “Sketches,” pp. 215–219Google Scholar; Purcell, , “Thayer,” p. 407Google Scholar; Connolly, , “John Thayer,” p. 267.Google Scholar

71. Purcell, , “Thayer,” p. 407Google Scholar; Merritt, , “Sketches,” p. 229.Google Scholar

72. Carroll to Plowden, 16 March 1790, MPA, Box 202–B27. After visiting Boston to heal the split in the congregation between the followers of Thayer and Father Louis de Rousslet, Carroll complained to Plowden, “I am very sorry not to have here a clergy. man of amiable, conciliatory manners, as well as real ability,” Carroll to Plowdon, 11 Juno 1791, MPA, Box 202–B36.

73. CarroU to Thayer, 22 February 1791, JCP. Carroll to Plowden, 3 February 1781, MPA, Box 202–B34. While recognizing, at this time, Thayer's good qualities—his piety and defense of the faith—Carroll regretted that the convert-priest was not “more gentle in dealing with heretics, and with his own flock as well.” Carroll to Antonelli, 17 June 1793, JCP.

74. Carroll to Thayer, 12 August 1794, JCP; Carroll to Thayer, 5 July 1796, JCP; Merritt, , “Sketches,” pp. 224–227Google Scholar; Purcell, , “Thayer,” p. 407.Google Scholar

75. Badin to Carroll, 4 February 1800, AAB, Case 1–Fl.

76. Henry Clarvos to Badin, 26 December 1800, AAB, Special Case A-H11; Badin to Carroll, 25 February 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H8; Badin to Carroll, 9 March 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H16; Badin to Carroll, 5 May 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H2.

77. A copy of Mrs. Jameston's “Affidavit,” dated 11 January 1801 can be found in AAB, Special Case A-H9. It would appear from Badin's correspondence that the case did not move beyond the local level and no legal action was taken against Thayer.

78. Badin to Carroll, 9 March 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H16; Carroll to Badin, 18 March 1801, JCP.

79. Carroll to Badin, January 1801, JCP; Carroll to Badin, 18 March 1801, JCP; Badin to Carroll, 28 October 1800, AAB, Special Case A-H15.

80. Badin to Carroll 5 May 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H2.

81. Badin to Carroll, 28 October 1800, AAB, Special Case A-H15.

82. Badin to Carroll, 3 November 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H12.

83. Spalding, John Martin, Sketches of the Early Catholic Missions of Kentucky (Baltimore: John Murphy Company, 1844), p. 47,Google Scholar narrates the story of Father Whelan, the first Catholic priest to serve in Kentucky. Whelan was sued for slander by some of his parishioners, and the jury which found him guilty fined the priest five hundred pounds with imprisonment until paid. Fortunately, Whelan. did not go to jail since one of his “detractors” stood bail. Years later, Father Badin spent a night with a man named Ferguson who had served on that jury. Ferguson, not knowing Badin was a priest, said to him of that case: “they [the jurous] had tried very hard to have the priest hanged, but were sorry that they could find no law for it.” See also Spalding, p. 26, n., and pp. 119–120, for further examples of anti-Catholicism.

84. Badin to Members of the Congregation of Scott City, Kentucky, 13 March 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H7; Carroll to Badin, 18 March 1801, JCP; Badin to Carroll, 5 May 1801, AAB, Special Case A-H2.

85. For a biographical sketch of Wharton consult George Washington Doane, ed., The Remains of the Rev. Charles Henry Wharton with a Memoir of His Life, 2 vols. (Philadelphia, 1834), 1:xiii–xxxixGoogle Scholar; Starr, Harris Elwood, “Wharton, Charles Henry,” Dictionary of American Biography, 9, pt. 2:26–27Google Scholar; Carroll to Plowden, 26 September 1783, MPA, Box 202–B5; Carroll to Plowden, 10 April 1784, MPA, Box 202–B6.

86. Wharton, Charles Henry, A Letter to the Roman Catholics of the City of Worcester (Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1784), pp. 7, 9–10, 13.Google Scholar

87. Carroll to Plowden, 27 February 1785, MPA, Box 202–B8; Hanley, , American Revolution and Religion, pp. 214–215.Google Scholar

88. Carroll to Plowden, 18 September 1784, MPA, Box 202–B7.

89. Carroll, John, An Address to the Roman Catholics of the United States of America (Annapolis: Frederick Green, 1784), pp. 11, 114.Google Scholar

90. Ibid., pp. 11, 15–17.

91. Carroll to Plowden, 29 June 1785, MPA, Box 202–B9; Carroll to Berington, 29 September 1786, JCP.

92. Wharton to Burté, 20 April 1816, in Doane, , Remains of Charles Henry Wharton, 2: xiil.Google Scholar

93. Helbron to Carroll, 19 April 1800, AAB, Case 4–E2.

94. Gallitzin to Carroll, 11 May 1807, AAB, Case 8A-06.

95. Badin to Carroll, 2 March 1797, AAB, Case 1–E7; Schauinger, , Stephen Theodore Badin, Priest in the Wilderness, p. 79.Google Scholar

96. Lord, , Sexton, , and Harrington, , History of the Archdiocese of Boston, 1:763, 765, 767Google Scholar; Melville, Annabelle M., Jean Lefebvre de Cheverus 1768–1836 (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Company, 1958), pp. 135–136, 140–142.Google Scholar

97. Carroll to Plowden, 12 February 1803, Stonyhurat Archives.

98. Carroll to James Barry, 8 April 1806, AAB, Case 9–C6; Matignon to Carroll, 19 March 1801, AAB, Case 5–H5.

99. Bishop Carroll to Charles Carroll, 15 July 1800, AAB, Case 9–F2; Carroll to James Barry, 8 April 1806, AAB, Case 9–C6.

100. Meehan, Thomas F., “Some Pioneer Catholic Laymen in New York—Dominick Lynch and Cornelus Heeney,” Historical Records and Studies 4 (10, 1906): 285, 290–291.Google Scholar

101. Clorivière to Carroll, 2 November 1813, AAB, Case 2–Q6.

102. Griffin, Martin I. J., History of the Right Reverend Michael Egan, First Bishop of Philadelphia (Philadelphia: The Author, 1893), p. 29.Google Scholar

103. Bishop Carroll, “Sermon on Marriage,” 17 January 1802, John Carroll Collection, Catholic University of America Archives.

104. Carroll to Plowden, 12 February 1803, Guilday Collection; Carroll to James Barry, 8 April 1806, AAB, Case 9–C6.

105. Grassi, , “The Catholic Religion in the United States in 1818,” p. 107.Google Scholar

106. Synod of the Clergy, Third Session, No. 16, AAB, Case 9A.L.

107. Grassi, , “The Catholic Religion in the United States in 1818,” p. 107.Google Scholar

108. Carroll to Father Francis Beeston, Secretary to the Diocesan Synod, 16 November 1791, Case 9–E2. See Carroll to Father Claude Florent Bouchard de la Poterie, 24 December 1788, AAB, Case 9A-G3, in which Carroll insists on “subjecting to a public penance” (not merely a “public acknowledgment”) those who marry before a Protestant minister.

109. Howard, George Elliot, A History of Matrimonial Institutions, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1904), 1:391–392.Google Scholar

110. Endfield, William, An Essay on Marriage (Philadelphia: Zachariah Poulson, 1788), p. 5.Google Scholar

111. West, Stephen, The Duty and Obligations of Christians to Marry Only in the Lord (Hartford: Watson and Goodwin, 1778), p. 18Google Scholar; The Constitution of the Presbyterian Church in America (Philadelphia: Robert Aitken, 1797), chap. xxiv.Google Scholar

112. Coke, Thomas and Asbury, Francis, The Doctrines and Discipline of the Methodist Episcopal Church in America, 10th ed. (Philadelphia: Henry Tuckniss, 1798), pp. 156–157.Google Scholar

113. In a letter to Alexander M'Caine, dated 30 August 1804, Francis Asbury castigated the Roman Catholic Church as follows: “I have lately seen David Simpson's plea for religion. The greatest of all, it is England's warning. He proves that the Church of England is as anti-Christian as the Church of Rome. He has confirmed me in my opinion.” Printed in Asbury, Francis, The Journals and Letters of Francis Asbury, ed. Clark, Elmer T., Potts, J. Manning, and Payton, Jacob S., 3 vols. (Nashville: Abingdon Press, 1958), 3:300–301.Google Scholar

114. Ray, , American Opinion of Roman Catholicism, pp. 378–380.Google Scholar

115. I have developed this theme at length in my dissertation, “The Building of an American Catholic Church: The Episcopacy of John Carroll,” (Ph.D. cilis.: Syracuse University, 1972), chap. 9, “Catholic Opinion of Protestants and Protestantism,” pp. 179–204.

116. Flaget to his brother, 21 March 1811, Mount St. Mary's Seminary Archives, Joseph Herman Schauinger Transcript (Private collection); Memorial of Haroldite Supporters to Carroll, 22 January 1812, AAB, Case 4–M7; DuBourg, Louis Guillaume Valentin, St. Mary's Seminary and Catholics at Large Vindicated Against the Pastoral Letters of the Ministers, Bishops, and of the Presbytery of Baltimore (Baltimore: Bernard Dornin, 1811), p. 43Google Scholar; see also The Catholic Religion Vindicated (n. p.: the author, 1813), p. 57.Google Scholar