No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Church and State in Italy During the Last years of Pius IX
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 28 July 2009
Extract
During the closing years of Pius IX's pontificate the relations between church and state in Italy were marred by incessant and acrimonious strife. The occupation of Rome on September 20, 1870 had widened the breach between the civil and ecclesiastical authorities. The subsequent course of this feud brought no attenuation of existing animosities. The implacable hostility of the Vatican to the new order of things in the peninsula spurred the Italian government to take drastic measures against the church and its recalcitrant hierarchy. Decisive too in the launching of this concerted offensive was the eagerness of the country's rulers to accelerate the secularization of Italian life. To these recurrent assaults the Holy See invariably replied with a barrage of protests and denunciations which reverberated throughout the Catholic world. Each fresh crisis was accompanied by recriminations which threw into sharp relief the formidable barriers to an understanding between these seemingly irreconcilable foes.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © American Society of Church History 1936
References
1 The literature on the Cavourian formula is rather extensive. The following are especially useful: Padelletti, Guido, “Libera Chiesa in Libero Stato: Genesi della Formula Cavouriana,” in Scritti di Diritto Pubblico, Firenze, 1881, pp. 105–158Google Scholar; Benoist, Charles, “La Formule de Cavour: L'Église Libre dans l'État Libre,” Revue des Deux Mondes, 07 15, 1905, pp. 343–372Google Scholar; Ruffini, Francesco, “Le origini elvetiche della formula del Conte di Cavour: ‘Libera Chiesa in libero Stato,’” in Festschrift Emil Friedberg zum Siebzigsten Geburtstage, Leipzig, 1908, pp. 199–220Google Scholar; Giacometti, Zaccaria, Die Genesis von Cavours Formel Libera Chiesa in Libero Stato, Aarau, 1919.Google Scholar
2 Piux IX categorically rejected the Law of Guarantees in a powerful encyclical dated May 15, 1871. Cf. Civiltà Cattolica (hereafter cited as C. C.), 06 9, 1871, 8th series, II. 719–729.Google Scholar
3 Cf. Ruffini, Francesco, Lineamenti Storici delle Relazioni fra lo Stato e la Chiesa in Italia, Torino, 1891, pp. 40–41.Google Scholar
4 Cf. Pantaleoni, Diomède, “Libertà o Giurisdizione nel Regime della Chiesa e dell'Ordinamento della sua Proprietà,” Nuova Antologia, 01 1876, p. 77.Google Scholar
5 Luzzatti, Luigi, Memorie Autobiografiche e Carteggi, Bologna, 1931, I, 340.Google Scholar
6 Bonghi, R., “lie Gouvernement italien et la Papauté,” Revue des Deux Mondes, 05 1, 1873, p. 131Google Scholar; Rosi, Michele, Vittorio Emanuele II, Bologna, 1930, II, 184.Google Scholar Legislative action to deal with the administration of ecclesiastical properties was promised in article 18 of the Law of Guarantees, but none was ever taken.
7 Tavallini, Enrico, La Vita e i Tempi di Giovanni Lanza, Torino-Napoli, 1887, II, 93.Google Scholar
8 Of. di Val Cismen, De Vecchi, “Don Bosco e Giovanni Lanza,” Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento, 1934, II, 205–216Google Scholar; Tavallini, , op. cit., II, 94, 434–435.Google Scholar
9 Nuova Antologia, 02 1872, p. 464.Google Scholar
10 C. C., February 8, 1872, 8th series, V, 465–466.
11 Cf. Atti del Parlamento italiano (hereafter cited as Atti), 05 1–8, 1875, CCXVIII, 2830 ff.Google Scholar
12 Vigo, Pietro, Storia degli Ultimi Trent'Anni del Secolo XIX, Milano, 1908, II, 54.Google Scholar
13 Cf. Mario, Jessie White, In Memoria di Giovanni Nicotera, Firenze, 1894, p. 104.Google Scholar
14 C. C., January 20, 1877, 10th series, I, 359–360; Vigo, , op. cit. II, 158–159.Google Scholar
15 Cf. Falco, Mario, “La Soppressione dei Conventi,” Rivista d'Italia, 05 1914, pp. 664–665Google Scholar; Hogg, Lewis M., “Politico-Ecclesiastieal Questions of the Day in Italy,” Contemporary Review, 04 1866, pp. 642–643Google Scholar; Piola, AndreaLa Questione Romana nella Storia e nel Diritto da Cavour al Trattato del Laterano, Padova, 1931, p. 32.Google Scholar
16 Bury, J. B., History of the Papacy 1864–1878, London, 1930, p. 158.Google Scholar
17 Atti, 03 18, 1871, CLXV, 1219.Google Scholar
18 C. C., September 1, 1871, 8th series. III, 741–742; ibid., October 6 and November 4, 1871, 8th series, IV, 129–139, 408–421.
19 Pius IX's letter to Antonelli, , which is dated 06 16, 1872Google Scholar, is to be found in C. C., June 28, 1872, 8th series, VII, 93–99.
20 That indefatigable adversary of the church, Garibaldi, issued a manifesto urging, among other things, the immediate suppression of the religious orders. Cf. Rosi, M., I Cairoli, Bologna, 1929, I, 243–244.Google Scholar
21 Luzzatti, , op. cit., I, 334.Google Scholar
22 Cf. Gabelli, A., “Il Piogetto di Legge sulle Corporazioni Religiose,” Nuova Antologia, 10 1872, pp. 267–286.Google Scholar
23 For the text of the bill cf. Atti, CLXXV, no. 136, pp. 45–52.Google Scholar
24 Vigo, , op. cit., I, 222Google Scholar; Guiccioli, Alessandro, Qintino Sella, Rovigo, 1887–1888, I, 119.Google Scholar
25 Of. Chiala, Luigi, Giacomo Dina e l'Opera sua, nelle Vicende del Risorginen to Italiano, Torino-Roma, 1903, III, 340–341.Google Scholar
26 The Roman Journals of Ferdinand Gregorovius 1852–1874, London, 1907, p. 438.Google Scholar
27 Journal Officiel, 02 14, 1873, CXCII, 1075–1076.Google Scholar
28 Vigo, , op. cit., I, 244–245.Google Scholar
29 Atti, 05 17, 1873, CLXXXVIII, 6463–6472Google Scholar; Gotti, A., Vita del Barone Bettino Ricasoli, Firenze, 1898, p. 384.Google Scholar
30 It received the approval of the chamber of deputies on May 27 and that of the senate on June 17.
31 Falco, , op. cit., p. 683.Google Scholar
32 For the text of this bill see Atti, CLXXI, no. 45.Google Scholar
33 Ibid., April 30, 1872, CLXXXIII, 1821; Masaarani, Tullo, Cesare Correnti nella Vita e nette Opere, Roma, 1890, pp. 286–287Google Scholar; Cilibrizzi, Saverio, Storia Parlamentare Politica e Diplomatica d'Italia, Milano-Roma-Napoli, 1925, II, 49–50.Google Scholar
34 The text of the measure in question is to be found in Atti, CLXXIGoogle Scholar, no. 46.
35 Massarani, , op. cit., pp. 301–302Google Scholar; Cilibrizzi, , op. cit., II, 50Google Scholar; Tavallini, , op. cit., II, 114–115.Google Scholar
36 Atti, 05 18, 1872, CLXXXIII, 2155–2157.Google Scholar
37 A clear statement of the issue is to be found in Gabelli, A., “L'Insegnamento Religioso nelle Scuole Pubbliehe,” Nuova Antologia, 06 1872, pp. 324–342.Google Scholar
38 C. C., June 21, September 9, 1872, 8th series, VII, 5–18, 678–688.
39 Palma, Luigi, “L'Insegnamento Religioso nelle Scuole Primarie e i Seminarii Ecclesiastici,” Nuova Antologia, 06 1875, pp. 334–335Google Scholar; Fasulo, Aristarco, Il Primato Papale nella Storia e nel Pensiero Italiano, Roma, 1924, p. 207.Google Scholar
40 Palma, , op. cit., p. 337Google Scholar; Gabelli, , op. cit., p. 332.Google Scholar
41 For the text of this law cf. Atti, CCXXXIII, no. 42–C, pp. 3–6.Google Scholar
42 Civil matrimony had been incorporated into the code issued in 1865 and put into effect on January 1, 1866.
43 Padelletti, Guido, “Lo Stato ed il Matrimonio Ecclesiastico,” Nuova Antologia, 05 1874, pp. 5–6.Google Scholar
44 The text of the matrimony bill of December 3, 1873, is in Atti, CXCIV, no. 48, p. 11.Google Scholar
45 Ruffini, , op. cit., pp. 41–42.Google Scholar
46 Atti, CXCIV, no. 48, pp. 5–6.Google Scholar
47 C. C., December 6, 1873, 8th series, XII, 732; ibid., May 2, 1874, 9th series, II, 480.
48 Cf. Chiala, , op. cit., III, 386–387Google Scholar; Padelletti, , op. cit., p. 8.Google Scholar
49 Padelletti, Guido, “La Politica Ecclesiastica in Italia,” Nuova Antologia, 02 15, 1878, p. 673.Google Scholar It was not until 1879 that the matter was again discussed in the Italian parliament.
50 Pareto, Vilfredo, “Il Disegno di Legge contro gli Abusi del Clero,” Nuova Antologia, 01 1877, p. 139 and footnote.Google Scholar
51 Ibid., p. 140 and footnote.
52 Cf. Vigo, , op. cit., II, 15–16Google Scholar; C. C., February 22, 1875, 9th series, V, 610–612.
53 The text of the clerical abuses bill is in Atti, CCXXXII, no. 20–A, pp. 45–46.Google Scholar
54 Guiccioli, , op. cit., II, 138–139.Google Scholar
55 Chiala, , op. cit., III, 489.Google Scholar
56 Pareto, , op. cit., pp. 161–162Google Scholar; Nuova Antologia, 02 1877, pp. 434–435.Google Scholar
57 Atti, 01 17–24, 3877, CCXLIV, 638 ff.Google Scholar
58 C. C., February 6, 1877, 10th series, I, 390–399.
59 Ibid., March 28, 1877, 10th series, II, 5–25; Vigo, , op. cit., II, 169–171.Google Scholar
60 Leroy-Beaulien, A., “Un Roi et un Pape—II—Pie IX et le Saint-Siège,” Revue des Deux Mondes, 05 15, 1878, p. 401.Google Scholar
61 Manfroni, Camille, Sulla Soglia del Vaticano, Bologna, 1920, I, 287.Google Scholar
62 Archives Diplomatiques 1876–1877, Paris, n. d., IV, 163–164.Google Scholar
63 Archives Diplomatiques 1876–1877, IV, 164–167Google Scholar; Vigo, , op. cit., II, 172–175.Google Scholar
64 Manfroni, , Op. cit., I, 292.Google Scholar
65 Archives Diplomatiques 1876–1877, IV, 167, 170Google Scholar; Vigo, , op. cit., II, 180–102.Google Scholar
66 Cf. Manfroni, , op. cit., I, 294Google Scholar; Vigo, , op. cit., II, 183–184, 194Google Scholar; The Time, 04 2, 1877Google Scholar; L'Année politique 1877, Paris, 1878, pp. 123–124Google Scholar; Europäischer Geschichtskalender 1877, Sehulthess, Herausgegeben von H., Nördlingen, 1878, pp. 210–211.Google Scholar
67 L'Année politique 1877, pp. 125–126Google Scholar; de Meaux, Vicomte, Souvenirs politiques 1871–1877, Paris, 1905, pp. 305–307Google Scholar; Debidour, A., L'Église Catholique et l'État sous la Troisième République, Paris, 1906, I, 168–169.Google Scholar Cf. also Lecanuet, P., Les Dernières Années au, Pontifícat de Pie IX 1870–1878, Paris, 1931, p. 528Google Scholar and footnote; Despagnet, F., La République et le Vatican, Paris, 1906, p, 62.Google Scholar
68 Journal Officiel, 05 4, 1877, CCXVIII, 3249–3258.Google Scholar Simon's allegations deeply offended Pius, who complained to a delegation of French pilgrims that he had been accused of lying.
69 Chiala, . op. cit., III, footnote, p. 490Google Scholar; Guiccioli, , op, cit., II, 142.Google Scholar
70 Atti, 05 7, 1877, CCXLIX, 993–1010.Google Scholar
71 Cf. The Times, 05 9, 1877.Google Scholar
72 Typical of the attitude of moderates ia the reaction expressed by Bonghi in his article, “Pio IX e il Papato,” Nuova Antologia, 07 1877, p. 547.Google Scholar
73 Vigo, , op. cit., II, 197Google Scholar; C. C., June 5, 1877, 10th series, II, 736–737.
74 Manfroni, , op. cit., I, 103.Google Scholar
75 Ibid., I, 264–265; Vigo, , op. cit., II, 128–129.Google Scholar
76 Cf. Archives Diplomatiques 1875, III, 238–241Google Scholar; Vigo, , op. cit., I, 317–319Google Scholar; Sandonà, Augusto, L'Irredentismo nelle Lotte politiche e nelle Contese diplomatiche italo-austriache, Bologna, 1932, I, 176.Google Scholar
77 Archives Diplomatiques 1876–1877, IV, 163.Google Scholar
78 Preeminent among those who urged that Catholics be permitted to vote in the parliamentary elections wag the famous Jesuit, Father Curci, the founder of the Civiltà Cattolica. His efforts to effect a reconciliation between church and state on terms very favorable to the former proved dismally abortive and he was expelled from the Society of Jesus. For Curci's position cf. Bonghi, E., “I Dissidii del Partito Clericale e le Proposte del Sacerdote Curci,” Nuova Antologia, 01 1, 1878, pp. 5–28Google Scholar; Cnrci, C. M., Il Moderno Dissidio fra la Chiesa e l'Italia, Firenze, 1878Google Scholar; Manfroni, , op. cit., I, 229–230.Google Scholar
79 C. C., June 22, 1874, 9th series, III, 103; ibid., October 23, 1874, 9th series, IV, 353–354; Vigo, , op. cit., I, 388–389.Google Scholar
80 C. C., January 20, February 6, 1877, 10th series, I, 355–356, 385–389.