Article contents
Modern Weapons and the Sino-Soviet Estrangement*
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 17 February 2009
Extract
Among the most significant polemical fall-out of the past year has been the increasing indication that modern weapons questions lie near the heart of Sino-Soviet estrangement. Whether or not the recent Chinese Communist charge is true, that the Russians later reneged on a 1957 “advanced technology” commitment, Soviet and Chinese behaviour since 1957 testifies to considerable Russian long-range concern over a nuclear-armed China, Russian reluctance to assist China to gain this end quickly, and accumulating Chinese anger at such un-comradely behaviour. The only unique ingredient in recent polemical exchanges is added explicitness; the modern weapons messages have been there all along. This is not to say that the Sino-Soviet schism is not the product, as well, of competing revolutionary strategies, theological pretension, struggle for supreme Communist authority, and fundamental disagreement over whether Stalin should be praised or buried. Underlying such antagonisms and contributing to them, however, have been deep-seated differences over modern weapons central to the initiation and aggravation of Sino-Soviet estrangement.
- Type
- Chinese Military Affairs
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The China Quarterly 1964
References
1 “The Soviet Army is the Example for the People's Armies of the World,” New China News Agency (NCNA) release, People's Daily, Survey of the China Mainland Press (SCMP) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General), No. 1647.Google Scholar
2 Broadcast speech, NCNA, SCMP, No. 1644.Google Scholar
3 NCNA, SCMP, No. 1649.Google Scholar
4 Speech at Soviet Embassy banquet, Peking, NCNA, November 7, 1957, SCMP, No. 1651.Google Scholar
5Alice Langley, Hsieh, Communist China's Strategy in the Nuclear Era (Englewood Cliffs: Prentice-Hall, 1962), pp. 69–72. One must acknowledge Mrs. Hsieh's pioneering research in this field, even though one may differ with certain of her conclusions.Google Scholar
6Chieh-fang Chün Pao (Liberation Army Daily), 08 8, 1957, SCMP, No. 1692.Google Scholar
7“New Training Programme Promulgated by General Department of Supervision of Training,” Liberation Army Daily, 01 16, 1958, SCMP, No. 1786 (italics added).Google Scholar
8 These statements appeared in mid-1958 in remarks by Marshals Chu Teh, Ch'en Yi, Ho Lung and Nieh Jung-chen; the chief of the PLA Air Force; and various editorials in the Liberation Army Daily and in Red Flag.Google Scholar
9 Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), Washington, D.C., translation study No. 1687-N, June 9, 1959.Google Scholar
10People's Daily, Current Background (CB) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General), No. 514. Ho was here listing what he held to have been one of the reasons for the failure of Chinese Communist military tactics in the Nanchang uprising of 1927. The other chief reason he listed was over-emphasis on weapons rather than on men. Ho went on to discuss Mao's struggles at that time (before his triumph over the Soviet-directed leadership of the Chinese Communist Party) against the “erroneous military line that existed at the time within the Party in the Red Army.”Google Scholar
11People's Daily, SCMP, No. 1831 (italics added).Google Scholar
12 JPRS, No. 1357-N, March 16, 1959.Google Scholar
13 JPRS, No. 767-D, June 17, 1959.Google Scholar
14 JPRS, No. 1357-N, March 16, 1959 (italics added).Google Scholar
15Pravda, 12 22, 1957.Google Scholar
16 Article by D. Shevlyagin, January 7, 1958.Google Scholar
17Pravda, 04 6, 1958.Google Scholar
18 See, especially, “Everybody is a Soldier,” Red Flag, 10 16, 1958, Extracts from Chinese Communist Magazines (ECCM) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate-General) No. 150.Google Scholar
19 See People's Daily, 02 3, 1958, NCNA, SCMP, No. 1714; General Liu, Ya-lou, 05 23, 1958, Liberation Army Daily, SCMP, No. 1900;Google Scholar and Marshal Nieh, Jung-chen, 08 2, 1959, People's Daily, SCMP, No. 1831.Google Scholar
20Kiangsu Ch'un-chung, No. 5, 10 1, 1958, ECCM, No. 150;Google ScholarLiberation Army Daily, July 1, August 1 and 08 17, 1958, SCMP, No. 1881; and JPRS, No. 1357.Google Scholar
21Eighth Plenary Session of the Eighth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (Peking: Foreign Languages Press, 1959), p. 18.Google Scholar
22 JPRS, No. 2376, March 17, 1960, p. 6.Google Scholar
23 NCNA, May 27, 1958, SCMP, No. 1781.Google Scholar
24 See Russian arguments in Pravda, April 12, May 9 and 06 4, 1958,Google Scholar and Kommunist for 04 1958: Chinese arguments in NCNA releases, in English, on May 5, 24, 27 and June 4, 1958, SCMP, Nos. 1767, 1781 and 1787, of May–June 1958.Google Scholar
25Liberation Army Daily, SCMP, No. 1900.Google Scholar
26 A judgment developed at some length by Alice Hsieh, op. cit.Google Scholar
27 NCNA, SCMP, No. 1856.Google Scholar
28 ECCM, No. 150.Google Scholar
29 SCMP, No. 1907.Google Scholar
30 NCNA, SCMP, No. 1897.Google Scholar
31 JPRS, No. 779-D.Google Scholar
32 Statement to Tass questioner, Pravda, 10 6, 1958. For a stimulating discussion of Soviet restraint, see Thomas, John R., “Soviet Behaviour in the Quemoy Crisis of 1958,” Orbis, VI, No. 1 (Spring 1962), pp. 38–64.Google Scholar
33 On the occasion of a ceremony inaugurating China's first atomic reactor and cyclotron (built with Soviet assistance), NCNA, September 27, 1958, SCMP, No. 1865.Google Scholar
34 Ibid. p. 37 (italics added).
35Pravda, November 15, 1958 (italics added).Google Scholar
36Yu, Chao-li, “Peaceful Competition: An Inevitable Trend?” Red Flag, 08 16, 1959, ECCM, No. 184, p. 5. The CCP Central Committee has made a practice of attaching this “author's” name [literally The Strength of Millions] to especially important pronouncements in Red Flag.Google Scholar
37 September 30, 1959, Pravda, October 1, 1959.Google Scholar
38Pravda, January 15, 1960.Google Scholar
- 1
- Cited by