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From Revolutionary to Semi-Bureaucrat: The “Regularisation” of Cadres*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 February 2009

Ezra F. Vogel
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Extract

When the victorious Tokugawa rulers of early seventeenth-century Japan brought an end to decades of warfare, the warrior class, the samurai, no longer had any wars to fight. However, the ideals of the samurai warrior did not die quickly, and new generations of samurai continued to learn the “martial arts” and to give obeisance to the model of the loyal and fearless warrior. In fact, however, under peaceful Tokugawa rule, the samurai gradually became an administrator-bureaucrat and took up the study of the “literary arts” which were more suited to his daily activities than studies of the martial arts.

Type
Research Article
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 29 , January 1967 , pp. 36 - 60
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 1967

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References

1 Hsueh-hsi (Study), no. 11, 1951, pp. 30–33Google Scholar; Jen-min Jih-pao (People's Daily), October 12, 1950; reprinted in Current Background (CB) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate General), no. 180.

2 See, for example, Study, no. 11, 1951, pp. 30–33Google ScholarPubMed.

3 New China News Agency (NCNA), June 19, 1951, reprinted in Survey of China Mainland Press (SCMP) (Hong Kong: U.S. Consulate General), no. 120, p. 15 et seq.

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6 Study, no. 11, 1951, p. 31Google ScholarPubMed; for discussions concerning the conflict of te and ts'ai in the early period, see CB, no. 180; for the later period, see Tang te Tsu-chih Wen-ti (Party Organisational Problems) (Peking: People's Publishing House, 1959)Google Scholar, translated in Joint Publications Research Service (JPRS), no. 7273.

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10 For a more detailed discussion of the content of the study sessions, see Lewis, John, Leadership in Communist China (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell Un. Press, 1963)Google Scholar.

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19 SCMP, no. 1327, pp. 13–18.

20 Collection of Laws and Regulations, II, pp. 684–686Google Scholar; the table of supplementary percentages to be added to each locality is reprinted in Chugoku no keizai kanri taisei to kiko (The System and Structure of Economic Management in China) (Tokyo: Kokusai keizai jishutsu kenkyojo, December 1964), pp. 23–32.

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25 Collection of Laws and Regulations, 2, pp. 708–710, 713–714.

26 Current Events Handbook, September 25, 1955, reprinted in ECMM, no. 19, pp. 27–29.

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31 Indeed the State Council's directive on rewards for administrative cadres issued in late 1957 stressed new non-monetary rewards which would not place a strain on the state budget; Southern Daily, October 29, 1957.

32 Collection of Central Government Laws, 1956, p. 223.

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34 People's China, 1, no. 8 (04 16, 1950)Google ScholarPubMed.

35 CB, no. 218.