Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-4rdpn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-14T07:23:43.780Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Environment and Health Research in China: The State of the Field*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 May 2013

Jennifer Holdaway
Jennifer Holdaway*
Affiliation:
Social Science Research Council (SSRC) and Forum on Health, Environment and Development (FORHEAD). Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

In the context of this symposium, this article reviews social science research in the emerging field of environment and health in China, with a particular focus on the impacts of pollution. It begins with a discussion of the particular nature of China's environment-related health problems, distinguishing the different challenges presented by diseases of poverty, affluence and transition. It then reviews recent developments in policy and civil society with regard to environment and health, and the extent to which work in the social sciences has advanced our knowledge of these and of state–society interactions. The article concludes with some reflections on the need for and challenges of interdisciplinary and international collaboration in this area.

Keywords

environmenthealthregional developmentgovernanceinterdisciplinary researchChina
Type
Special Section on Dying for Development
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 214 , June 2013 , pp. 255 - 282
Copyright
Copyright © The China Quarterly 2013 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

This work is supported by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund.

References

Bloom, Gerry. 2011. “Building institutions for an effective health system: lessons from China's experience with rural health reform.” Social Science and Medicine 72 (8), 1302–309.Google Scholar
Bramall, Chris. 2003. “Path dependency and growth in rural China since 1978.” Asian Business & Management 2 (3), 301–321.Google Scholar
Bramall, Chris. 2008. “Rural industrialisation and spatial inequality in China, 1978–2006.” Economic and Political Weekly 43 (52), 43–50.Google Scholar
Briggs, David J. 2008. “A framework for integrated environmental health impact assessment of systemic risks.” Environmental Health 7 (61), http://www.ehjournal.net/content/7/1/61. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Brown, Phil. 2007. Toxic Exposures: Contested Illness and the Environmental Health Movement. New York: Columbia University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brown, Phil, and Mikkelsen, Edwin J.. 1992. No Safe Place: Toxic Waste, Leukemia, and Community Action. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Cairncross, S., O'Neill, D., McCoy, A. and Sethi, D.. 2003. Health, Environment and the Burden of Disease. London: Department for International Development.Google Scholar
CCCPC (Central Committee of the Communist Party of China). 2011. “Woguo guomin jingji he shehui fazhan shierwu guihua gangyao” (Outline of 12th Five-Year Plan for China's National Economic and Social Development), 16 March, http://news.xinhuanet.com/politics/2011-03/16/c_121193916.htm. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
CCICED (China Council for International Collaboration on Environment and Development). 2008. “Environment and health management system and policy framework,” 12 November, http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/t20120529_230501.html. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
CCICED. 2010. “Developing policies for soil environmental protection in China,” 10–12 December, http://www.cciced.net/encciced/policyresearch/report/201205/P020120529358298439639.pdf. Accessed 24 February 2013.Google Scholar
CCICED. 2012. “Policy mechanisms toward environmental targets for the 12th Five-Year Plan: strategies and policy studies on medium-to-long-term efforts to reduce pollution,” 12–14 December, http://www.cciced.net/encciced/event/AGM_1/2012agm/meetdoc/201211/P020121206409938261681.pdf. Accessed on 5 January 2013.Google Scholar
Charron, Dominique F. 2012. Ecohealth Research in Practice: Innovative Applications of an Ecosystem Approach to Health. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Aijang, and Cheng, Pengli. 2011. “Aizheng-wuran de renzhi yu fengxian yingdui: jiyu ruogan ‘aizhengcun’ de jingyan yanjiu” (Perceptions and responses to cancer-pollution risks: experience and research in several ‘cancer villages’). Xuehai 3.Google Scholar
Chen, Juan, Chen, Shuo and Landry, Pierre F.. 2012. “Migration, environmental hazards, and health outcomes in China.” Social Science & Medicine 80, 85–95.Google Scholar
Corvalán, Carlos F., Kjellström, Tord and Smith, Kirk R.. 1999. “Health, environment and sustainable development: identifying links and indicators to promote action.” Epidemiology 10 (5), 656–660.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dasgupta, Susmta, and Wheeler, David. 1997. “Citizen complaints as environmental indicators: evidence from China.” Policy Research Working Paper Series No. 1704. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Deng, Yanhua, and Yang, Guobin. 2013. “Pollution and protest: environmental mobilization in context.” The China Quarterly 214.Google Scholar
Dong, Yanli, Ishikawa, Masanobu, Liu, Xianbing and Hamori, Shigeyuki. 2011. “The determinants of citizen complaints on environmental pollution: an empirical study from China.” Journal of Cleaner Production 19 (12), 1306–314.Google Scholar
Duckett, Jane. 2011. The Chinese State's Retreat from Health: Policy and the Politics of Retrenchment. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Edmonds, Richard Louis. 2011. “The evolution of environmental policy in the People's Republic of China.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40 (3), 13–35.Google Scholar
Fang, Jing, and Bloom, Gerry. 2010. “China's rural health system and environment-related health risks.” Journal of Contemporary China 19 (63), 23–35.Google Scholar
Fang, Pengqian, Dong, Siping, Xiao, Jingjing, Liu, Chaojie, Feng, Xianwei and Wang, Yiping. 2010. “Regional inequality in health and its determinants: evidence from China.” Health Policy 94 (1), 14–25.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Forget, Gilles, and Lebel, Jean. 2001. “An ecosystem approach to human health.” International Journal of Occupational and Environmental Health, supplement to 7 (2).Google Scholar
FORHEAD (Forum on Health, Environment and Development). 2010. “Data for environment health and development.” Working Paper. September.Google Scholar
Greenpeace. 2010. “The true cost of coal – air pollution and public health,” 27 August, http://www.greenpeace.org/eastasia/publications/reports/climate-energy/2010/report-coal-health-summary/. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Grunow, Dieter. 2011. “Structures and logic of EP implementation and administration in China.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40 (3), 370–75.Google Scholar
Grunow, Dieter, and Heberer, Thomas. 2011. “Environmental governance in China: new developments and perspectives.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40 (3), 3–12.Google Scholar
Han, Shi, and Zhang, Lei. 2006. “China's environmental governance of rapid industrialization.” Environmental Politics 15 (2), 271–292.Google Scholar
Ho, Mun S., and Nielsen, Chris P. (eds.). 2007. Clearing the Air: The Health and Economic Damages of Air Pollution in China. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Ho, Peter, and Edmonds, Richard Louis. 2008. “Perspectives of time and change: rethinking green environmental activism in China.” In Ho, Peter and Edmonds, Richard Louis (eds.), Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement. Oxford: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ho, Peter, and Vermeer, Eduard B.. 2006. China's Limits to Growth: Greening State and Society. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer (ed.). 2010a. “Special issue: environment and health in China: an emerging research field.” Journal of Contemporary China. 19 (63).Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer. 2010b. “Environment and health in China: an emerging research field.” Journal of Contemporary China 19 (63), 1–22.Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer. 2011. “Intersections and dislocations: the governance of environment and health in China.” Paper presented at the “EU–Civil Society Dialogue Conference,” Guangzhou, 22–24 August 2011.Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer. 2012a. “Environment, health and migration: framings, research and policy.” Commentary prepared for “Migration and Health in China,” Sun Yat-sen Center for Migrant Health Policy and the United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Paper.Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer. 2012b. “International collaboration on environment and health: finding the fit.” Paper presented at the “5th International Workshop on Health and Environmental Change in Urban Areas,” Beijing, 10 October 2012.Google Scholar
Holdaway, Jennifer, and Marshall, Fiona. 2010. “Integrating environment health and development in the transition to urbanization and industrialization: applying the ecosystems services-poverty alleviation (ESPA) framework to China and India.” Paper presented at the conference “Sino-India Workshop on Ecosystems Services and Poverty Alleviation,” Beijing, September 2010.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2011. “My Children Have Been Poisoned” – A Public Health Crisis in Four Chinese Provinces, 15 June, http://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/reports/china0611WebInside_0_0.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Institute of Public and Environmental Affairs and Natural Resources Defense Council. 2012. Open Environmental Information: Taking Stock. The 2011 Pollution Information Transparency Index (PITI) Third Annual Assessment of Environmental Transparency in 113 Chinese Cities, http://www.nrdc.cn/phpcms/userfiles/download/201208/13/PITI%202011%20EN%20Final.pdf. Accessed 19 March 2013.Google Scholar
Irwin, Alan, and Wynne, Brian. 1996. Misunderstanding science? The public reconstruction of science and technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Jing, Jun. 2000. “Environmental protests in rural China.” In Perry, Elizabeth J. and Selden, Mark (eds.), Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance. London: Routledge, 143–160.Google Scholar
Kingdon, John W. 2010. Agendas, Alternatives, and Public Policies (2nd ed.). New York: Longman.Google Scholar
Klein, Jakob A. 2013. “Everyday approaches to food safety in Kunming.” The China Quarterly 214.Google Scholar
Kockelmanns, Joseph J. (ed.). 1979. Interdisciplinarity and Higher Education. London: Pennsylvania State University Press.Google Scholar
Kuijper, Hans. 2010. “Area studies versus disciplines: towards an interdisciplinary, systemic country approach.” International Journal of Interdisciplinary Social Sciences 3 (7), 205–216.Google Scholar
Leach, M., Scoones, I. and Wynne, B.. 2005. Science and Citizens: Globalization and the Challenge of Engagement. London: Zed Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Dan. 2011. Presentation at workshop on “Co-Regulation of Industrial Pollution,” Beijing, 9 December 2011.Google Scholar
Listorti, James A., and Doumani, Fadi M.. 1996. “Environmental health: bridging the gap.” World Bank Discussion Papers No. 422. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
Liu, Hui. 2011. “Zhutigongnengqu zhanlüezhong de huanjing yu jiankang” (Environment and health in the major function area strategy). Paper presented at the “Third Annual Conference of the Forum on Health, Environment and Development,” Beijing, November 2011.Google Scholar
Liu, Xianbing, Dong, Yanli, Wang, Can and Shishime, Tomohiro. 2011. “Citizen complaints about environmental pollution: a survey study in Suzhou, China.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40 (3), 193–219.Google Scholar
Lora-Wainwright, Anna. 2013. “The inadequate life: rural industrial pollution and lay epidemiology in China.” The China Quarterly 214.Google Scholar
Lora-Wainwright, Anna, Zhang, Yiyun, Wu, Yunmei and van Rooij, Benjamin. 2012. “Learning to live with pollution: the making of environmental subjects in a Chinese industrialised village.” The China Journal 68, 106–124.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, C. 2010. “Who bears the environmental burden in China – an analysis of the distribution of industrial pollution sources?” Ecological Economics 69 (9), 1869–876.Google Scholar
Matus, Kira, Nam, Kyung-Min, Selin, Noelle E., Lamsal, Lok N., Reilly, John M. and Paltsev, Sergey. 2011. “Health damages of air pollution in China.” MIT Joint Program on Science and Policy Global Change, Report 196. Cambridge: MIT.Google Scholar
MEP (Ministry of Environmental Protection). 2011a. “Huanjing baohu yu jiankang gongzuo guihua” (Environment and Health Work Plan), http://www.mep.gov.cn/pv_obj_cache/pv_obj_id_A1D203B83DAEC76BC73C793D77FA585DB8490300/filename/W020110926592540126412.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
MEP. 2011b. “Huanjing baohubu shierwu guihua” (National Environmental Protection 12th Five-Year Plan) (Office of the State Council Document 42, issued 15 December 2011), http://www.gov.cn/zwgk/2011-12/20/content_2024895.htm. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs/UN System in China. 2010. China's Progress towards the Millennium Development Goals. Beijing: UNDP.Google Scholar
MOH (Ministry of Health). 2007. “Guojia huanjing yu jiankang xingdong jihua” (National Action Plan on Environment and Health (2007–2015)), November 2007, http://www.moh.gov.cn/open/web_edit_file/20071108173502.doc. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
MOH. 2011. “Ministry of Health clearly presents overall goals for the 12th Five-Year Plan,” http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2011-01/06/content_1779385.htm. Accessed 10 February 2011.Google Scholar
MOH. 2012. “2012 nian woguo weisheng tongji tiyao” (National health statistics report), http://www.moh.gov.cn/publicfiles/business/htmlfiles/mohwsbwstjxxzx/s9092/201206/55044.htm. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Mol, Arthur P. J., He, Guizhen and Zhang, Lei. 2011. “Environmental risk disclosure in environmental risk management: developments in China.” Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 40 (3), 163–192.Google Scholar
MOST (Ministry of Science and Technology). 2011. “Guanyu yinfa yixue keji fazhan shierwu guihua de tongzhi” (Notice regarding the printing of the medical science and technology development 12th Five-Year Plan), http://www.most.gov.cn/fggw/zfwj/zfwj2011/201111/t20111117_90902.htm. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
OECD. 2006. “Environmental performance review of China: conclusions and recommendations (final)”, http://www.oecd.org/dataoecd/58/23/37657409.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
OECD. 2007. Improving Co-ordination between Environmental and Health Policies: Final Report. Rome: Environment Policy Directorate.Google Scholar
Perry, Elizabeth J., and Heilmann, Sebastian. 2011. “Embracing uncertainty: guerilla policy style and adaptive governance in China.” In Heilmann, Sebastian and Perry, Elizabeth J. (eds.), Mao's Invisible Hand: the Political Foundations of Adaptive Governance. Cambridge: Harvard, University Press, 1–29.Google Scholar
Prüss-Üstün, A., and Corvalán, C.. 2006. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments: towards an Estimate of the Environmental Burden of Disease. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
Schoolman, E. D., and Ma, C.. 2012. “Migration, class and environmental inequality: exposure to pollution in China's Jiangsu province.” Ecological Economics 75, 140–151.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shen, Xiao-ming, Rosen, John F., Guo, Di and Wu, Sheng-mei. 1996. “Childhood lead poisoning in China.” The Science of the Total Environment 181 (2), 101–109.Google Scholar
Shengtai, Renlei. 2009. “Mentougou shengtai xiufu teli” (Special case of ecorestoration in Mentougou). Shengtai renlei (November).Google Scholar
Smil, Vaclav. 1993. China's Environmental Crisis: An Inquiry into the Limits of National Development. Armonk, NY: M.E. Sharpe.Google Scholar
Smith, Kirk R., and Ezzati, Majid. 2005. “How environmental health risks change with development: the epidemiologic and environmental risk transitions revisited.” Annual Review of Environmental Resources 30, 291–333.Google Scholar
Su, Yang, and Xiaoli, Duan. 2010. “Zhongguo huanjing yu jiankang gongzuo de xianzhuang, wenti he duice” (Current situation, problems and responses in China's environment and health work). In Holdaway, Jennifer, Wuyi, Wang, Shiqiu, Zhang and Jingzhong, Ye (eds.), Huanjing yu jiankang: kuaxueke shijiao (Environment and Health: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives). Beijing: Social Science Academies Press, 72–98.Google Scholar
Tesh, Sylvia Noble. 2000. Uncertain Hazards: Environmental Activists and Scientific Proof. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Thompson Klein, Julie. 1990. Interdisciplinarity: History, Theory and Practice. Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Tilt, Bryan. 2006. “Perceptions of risk from industrial pollution in China: a comparison of occupational groups.” Human Organization 65 (2), 115–127.Google Scholar
Tilt, Bryan. 2007. “The political ecology of pollution enforcement in China: a case from Sichuan's rural industrial sector.” The China Quarterly 192, 915–932.Google Scholar
UN Development Programme. 2007. Human Development Report 2007/2008. New York: United Nations Development Programme.Google Scholar
UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme). 2009. GEO Health: Methodology for Integrated Environment and Health Assessment. A Focus on Latin America and the Carribean. UNEP Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean and the Pan-American Health.Google Scholar
van de Poel, E., O'Donnell, O. and van Doorslaer, E.. 2012. “Is there a health penalty of China's rapid urbanization?” Health Economics 21(4), 367–385.Google Scholar
van Rooij, Benjamin. 2006. “Implementation of China's environmental law: regular enforcement or political campaigns.” In Ho, Peter and Vermeer, Eduard B. (eds.), China's Limits to Growth: Greening State and Society. Hoboken: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
van Rooij, Benjamin. 2010. “The people vs. pollution: understanding citizen action against pollution in China.” Journal of Contemporary China 19 (63), 55–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wagstaff, A., Yip, W., Lindelow, M. and Hsiao, W.. 2009. “China's health system and its reform: a review of recent studies.” Health Economics 18, 7–23.Google Scholar
Wang, M., Webber, M., Finlayson, B. and Barnett, J.. 2008. “Rural industries and water pollution in China.” Journal of Environmental Management 86 (4), 648–659.Google Scholar
Wang, Wuyi, Yan, Linsheng, Li, Hairong and Li, Yonghua. 2010. “Zhongguo huanjing bianhua fengxian guanli duice” (Management responses to health risks arising from environmental change in China). In Holdaway, Jennifer, Wuyi, Wang, Shiqiu, Zhang and Jingzhong, Ye (eds.), Huanjing yu jiankang: kuaxueke shjiao (Environment and Health: Cross-disciplinary Perspectives). Beijing: Social Science Academies Press, 25–39.Google Scholar
Wang, Xiaolin. 2010. “Multidimensional analysis of poverty, environment and health in China and India.” Paper presented at the “Sino-India Workshop on Environment and Health,” Beijing, September 2010.Google Scholar
WHO (World Health Organization). 2005. Environmental Health Country Profile, China. Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
WHO and UN Development Programme. 2001. Environment and People's Health in China, http://www.wpro.who.int/environmental_health/documents/docs/CHNEnvironmentalHealth.pdf. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Richard. 2005. The Impact of Inequality: How to Make Sick Societies Healthier. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Richard, and Marmot, Michael. 2003. The Social Determinants of Health: the Solid Facts (2nd ed.). Geneva: WHO.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2010. “Overview of the current situation on brownfield remediation and redevelopment in China,” https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/2933/579530ESW0P1191se0situation0EN0Full.pdf?sequence=1. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2011. Toward a Healthy and Harmonious Life in China: Stemming the Rising Tide of Non-Communicable Diseases. Washington, DC: World Bank.Google Scholar
World Bank and SEPA (State Environmental Protection Agency). 2007. The Cost of Pollution in China: Economic Estimates of Physical Damages. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at www.worldbank.org/eapenvironment. Accessed 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Wu, Liming, Rutherford, Shannon and Chu, Cordia. 2011. “The need for health impact assessment in China: potential benefits for public health and steps forward.” Environmental Impact Assessment Review 31, 420–424.Google Scholar
Wu, Fengshi. 2009. “Environmental politics in China: an issue area in review.” Journal of Chinese Political Science 14 (4), 383–406.Google Scholar
Xinhua. 2010. “Sanbumen lianhe fabu ‘diyici quanguo wuran pucha diaocha baogao’.” (Three ministries jointly publish ‘First report on the first national pollution census’), 9 February, http://www.gov.cn/jrzg/2010-02/10/content_1532174.htm. Accessed on 7 December 2012.Google Scholar
Yang, Gonghuan. 2011. “Huaihe zhongliu fangzhi 5 nian yanjiu de chengguo baogao” (Report on findings of the five-year Huaihe cancer study). Paper presented at the “Third Annual Conference of the Forum on Health, Environment and Development,” Beijing, November 2011.Google Scholar
Yang, Guobin. 2010. “Brokering environment and health in China: issue entrepreneurs of the public sphere.” Journal of Contemporary China 19 (63), 101–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Guobin. 2013. “Contesting food safety in Chinese media: between hegemony and counter-hegemony.” The China Quarterly 214.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, Guobin, and Calhoun, Craig. 2008. “Media, civil society and the rise of a green public sphere in China.” In Ho, Peter and Edmonds, Richard Louis (eds.), China's Embedded Activism: Opportunities and Constraints of a Social Movement. London: Routledge, 69–88.Google Scholar
Zhang, Jinliang, and He, Kangmin. 2009. “Zhongguo ertong xueqian shuiping de bianhua he qushi yanjiu” (Research on changes and trends in levels of lead in children's blood in China). Huanjing yu jiankang zhazhi 26 (5), 393–98.Google Scholar
Zhang, Junfeng, Mauzerall, Denise L., Zhu, Tong, Liang, Song, Ezzati, Majid and Remais, Justin V. 2010. “Environmental health in China: progress towards clean air and safe water.” Lancet 375, 1110–19.Google Scholar
Zhang, Xiaobo, de Haan, Arjan and Fan, Shenggen. 2012. Narratives of Chinese Economic Reforms: How Does China Cross the River? World Scientific Publishing Series on Economic Development and Growth.Google Scholar
Zhang, Yingying. 2011. “Shadow over rural China: interview with Liu Lican,” 10 February, http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/4098. Accessed on December 7 2012.Google Scholar
Zhang, Z., Fang, L. and Bloom, G.. 2009. “The rural health protection system in China.” In Lin, V., Guo, Y., Legge, D. and Wu, Q. (eds.), Health Policy in Transition: The Challenges for China. Peking: University Medical Press.Google Scholar
Zhen, Cheng, Jiang, Jingkun, Fajardo, Oscar, Wang, Shuxiao, Hao, Jiming. 2013. “Characteristics and health impacts of particulate matter pollution in China (2001–2011).” Atmospheric Environment 65, 186–194.Google Scholar
Zhongguo huanjing bao. 2011. “Zhou Shengxian zai zhongjinshu wuran zonghe fangzhi ‘shierwu’ guihua shiping gongzuo huiyishang qiangdiao jianjue dahao zhongjinshu fangzhi gongjianzhan qieshi weihu renmin qunzhong liyi he shehui wending” (Zhou Shengxian emphasizes in video conference on the 12th Five-Year Plan for the Comprehensive Control of Heavy Metal Pollution that [MEP] will resolutely fight the battle to control heavy metal pollution and effectively protect the rights of the masses and social stability), 21 February, http://www.zhb.gov.cn/zhxx/hjyw/201102/t20110221_200992.htm. Accessed on 7 December 2012.Google Scholar