Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-mkpzs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T07:09:32.207Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Origins of the 17-Point Agreement of 23 May 1951 between the Chinese Central Government and the Tibetan “Local Government”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 May 2019

Alex Raymond
Alex Raymond*
Affiliation:
University of Balamand (Lebanon) and CESPRA (Centre d'Etudes Sociologiques et Politiques Raymond Aron), Paris. Email: [email protected].
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Immediately following the Battle of Chamdo in October 1950, during the period between November 1950 and April 1951, the leaders of the new People's Republic of China (PRC) had two priorities in regard to Tibet. The first was to persuade the Tibetan government to send delegates to Beijing as soon as possible in order to start “negotiations,” and the second was to prevent the Dalai Lama from fleeing Tibet. Using Chinese documents that offer a new version of the process that led to these “negotiations,” this study, without addressing the international issues in detail, illustrates how the leaders of the PRC, either with promises, threats or even by bluff, were able to attain their goals.

摘要

摘要

昌都之战（1950 年 10 月）之后，1950 年 11 月至 1951 年 4 月期间，中国领导人的主要目标之一是试图说服西藏政府尽快派代表去北京开始 “谈判,” 同时，尽一切努力防止达赖喇嘛离开西藏。 在本研究中，我们使用为这一“谈判”过程提供新视角的中文文档。不需详细解读国际形势，我们将了解到中国领导人是怎样或通过许诺或通过威胁甚至虚张声势来实现他们的目标的。

Keywords

PRC governmentpoliticsTibetNovember 1950 to April 1951promises, threats or bluffoccupation中华人民共和国政府政治西藏1950 年 11 月至 1951 年 4 月许诺威胁或虚张声势占领。
Type
Research Report
Information
The China Quarterly , Volume 241 , March 2020 , pp. 236 - 246
Copyright
Copyright © SOAS University of London, 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

British Foreign Office Records. 1950. “Monthly report of the Indian representative in Lhasa.” FO371/4190/10. London: National Archives.Google Scholar
Dalai-lama. 1990. Au loin la liberté: mémoires. Paris: Fayard.Google Scholar
Dan, Zeng (ed.). 1996. Dangdai Xizang jianshi (A Short History of Contemporary Tibet). Beijing: Dangdai Zhonguo chubanshe.Google Scholar
Goldstein, Melvyn C. 2007. A History of Modern Tibet Vol. 2: The Calm before the Storm, 1951–1955. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Gong, Picai. 2006. Yingxiong xianqian lian – 1950 nian xibei budui jinjun ali jishi (The Heroic Detachment of Vanguard Reportage on the Entry of the Troops into Ngari in 1950). Lanzhou: Gansu renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ji, Youquan. 1993. Bai xue – jiefang Xizang jishi (White Snow – The History of the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet). Beijing: Zhongguo wuzi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Liao, Li. 2009. Zhongguo Zang jun (The Tibetan Army of China). Beijing: Zhongguo wenshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Ni, Fuhan, and Huang, Ke (eds.). 1995. Heping jiefang Xizang (The Peaceful Liberation of Tibet). Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Raymond, Alex. Forthcoming. “Mao, the Chinese Communist Party and the Tibetan question in 1949–1950.” In Barnett, Robert, Robin, Françoise and Weiner, Benno (eds.), Conflicting Memories: Retellings of Tibetan History under Mao. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Shakabpa, Tsepon Wangchuck Deden. 2010. One Hundred Thousand Moons: An Advanced Political History of Tibet. Leiden: Brill.Google Scholar
Shakya, Tsering. 1992. “The genesis of the Sino-Tibetan Agreement of 1951.” Paper presented at the Sixth Seminar of the International Association of Tibetan Studies, Fagernes, Norway, 21–28 August 1992.Google Scholar
Shakya, Tsering. 1999. The Dragon in the Land of Snows: A History of Modern Tibet since 1947. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
US Department of State. 1983. Foreign Relations of the United States Vol. 7, 1951. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.Google Scholar
Wei, Ke. 2011. Jinjun Xizang riji (Diary of the March into Tibet). Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xizang zizhiqu dangshi bangongshi (eds.). 1998. Zhou Enlai yu Xizang (Zhou Enlai and Tibet). Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xizang zizhiqu zhengxie wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui (eds.). 1981. Xizang wenshi ziliao xuanji (jinian Xizang heping jiefang sanshi zhounian zhuanji) (Selection of Cultural and Historical Documents on Tibet (Special Edition for the Commemoration of the Thirtieth Anniversary of the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet)). Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Xizang zizhiqu zhengxie wenshi ziliao weiyuanhui (eds.). 2005. Xizang wenshi ziliao xuanji di 22 ji (Selection of Cultural and Historical Documents on Tibet Vol. 22). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong Xizang zizhiqu weiyuanhui dangshi yanjiushi (eds.). 2005. Zhongguo gongchandang Xizang lishi dashiji (1949–2004) (Chronicle of the CCP's Main Historical Events in Tibet 1949–2004, Volume 1). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong Xizang zizhiqu weiyuanhui dangshi yanjiushi (eds.). 2010. Jiefang Xizang shi (The History of Tibet's Liberation). Beijing: Zhonggong dangshi chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong Xizang zizhiqu weiyuanhui dangshi ziliao zhengji weiyuanhui (eds.). 1991. Xizang geming shi (History of Tibet's Revolution). Lhasa: Xizang renmin chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (eds.). 2008. Mao Zedong Xizang gongzuo wenxuan (Anthology of Mao Zedong's Work on Tibet). Beijing: Zhongguo Zangxue chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi (eds.). 2010. Deng Xiaoping nianpu, 1904–1974 (Chronicles of Deng Xiaoping, 1904–1974). Beijing: Zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar
Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian yanjiushi, zhonggong Xizang zizhiqu weiyuanhui bianji (eds.). 2005. Xizang gongzuo wenxian xuanbian (1949–2005) (Selection of Working Papers on Tibet, 1949–2005). Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang wenxian chubanshe.Google Scholar