Article contents
Harnessing the Dragon: Overseas Chinese Entrepreneurs in Mexico and Cuba
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 March 2012
Abstract
Chinese communities resident in Mexico and Cuba face a common problem: their dealings with business partners in China are perceived as a threat to national interests. In Mexico this concern emanates from manufacturers unable to compete with Chinese imports, and is evident in antagonistic news media and acts of hostility against Chinese businesses. In Cuba it stems from the state's stewardship over economic sovereignty, and is evident in efforts to assimilate Havana's Chinatown and its entrenched informal sector into a centralized scheme of commercial regulation. Interviews with policy makers, local officials and Chinese entrepreneurs indicate that the “rationalization” of Chinese ethnic allegiances for the greater public good is a critical step towards alleviating tensions. I conclude that both countries can leverage benefits from overseas Chinese communities, but to do so they must support their entrepreneurial activities, harness their networks to promote targeted imports and exports, and develop more culturally sensitive regulations.
- Type
- Articles
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © The China Quarterly 2012
References
1 Interview with author, 16 October 2008.
2 Comments in response to Salinas, Daniel, “Buscan crear barrio chino en la ‘Revu’,” Frontera, 1 March 2008, p. 1Google Scholar.
3 Interview with author, 22 February 2011.
4 Figures are from the United Nations Commodity Trade Statistics Database (Comtrade), http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx, accessed 26 June 2011.
5 Castles, Stephen and Davidson, Alastair, Citizenship and Migration: Globalisation and the Politics of Belonging (London: Macmillan, 2000)Google Scholar; Portes, Alejandro and Sensenbrenner, Julia, “Embeddedness and immigration: notes on the social determinants of economic action,” American Journal of Sociology, Vol. 98, No. 6 (1993), pp. 1320–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Putnam, Robert D., Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2000), pp. 22–23Google Scholar.
6 Hu-Dehart, Evelyn, “The Chinese of Central America: diverse beginnings, common achievements,” in Lai, Walton Look and Chee-Beng, Tan (eds.), The Chinese in Latin America and the Caribbean (Leiden: Brill, 2010)Google Scholar; Morales, Catalina Velázquez, Los inmigrantes chinos en Baja California 1920–1937 (Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja Californa, 2001)Google Scholar.
7 Smart, Alan and Hsu, Jinn Yuh, “The Chinese diaspora, foreign investment and economic development in China,” The Review of International Affairs, Vol. 3, No. 4 (2004), pp. 544–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Yan, Yunxiang, The Individualization of Chinese Society (New York: Berg, 2009)Google Scholar.
8 Yahuda, Michael, Towards the End of Isolationism: China's Foreign Policy after Mao (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 1985), pp. 222–23Google Scholar.
9 The China Quarterly special issue: China and Africa: Emerging Patterns in Globalization and Development, No. 199 (2009).
10 Hilgers, Tina, “Recentering informality on the research agenda: grassroots action, political parties, and democratic governance,” Latin American Research Review, Vol. 43, No. 2 (2008), pp. 272–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar; O'Donnell, Guillermo, “Informal institutions, once again,” in Helmke, Gretchen and Levitsky, Steven (eds.), Informal Institutions and Democracy: Lessons from Latin America (Baltimore, CA: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2006)Google Scholar.
11 Portes, Alejandro, “Social capital: its origins and applications in modern sociology,” Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 24 (1998), p. 15CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
12 Fedderke, Johannes, de Kadt, Raphael and Luiz, John, “Economic growth and social capital: a critical reflection,” Theory and Society, Vol. 28, No. 5 (1999), p. 719CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
13 Alvarez, Sonia E., Dagnino, Evelina and Escobar, Arturo (eds.), Cultures of Politics, Politics of Cultures: Re-envisioning Latin American Social Movements (Boulder, NC: Westview Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Armony, Ariel C., The Dubious Link: Civic Engagement and Democratization (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2004)Google Scholar.
14 Alvarez, Sonia E., Engendering Democracy in Brazil: Women's Movements in Transition Politics (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1990)Google Scholar; Fox, Jonathan, “How does civil society thicken? The political construction of social capital in rural Mexico,” World Development, Vol. 24 (1996), pp. 1089–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hearn, Adrian H., Cuba: Religion, Social Capital, and Development (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2008)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
15 Fung, Archon, Weil, David, Graham, Mary and Fagotto, Elena, The Political Economy of Transparency: What Makes Disclosure Policies Effective? (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2004)Google Scholar; Graham, Mary, Information as Risk Regulation: Lessons from Experience (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2001)Google Scholar; Weil, David, The Benefits and Costs of Transparency: A Model of Disclosure Based Regulation (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University, John F. Kennedy School of Government, 2002)Google Scholar.
16 Fuentes, Leonardo Padura, El Viaje más Largo (La Habana: Ediciones Unión, 1994)Google Scholar.
17 Yun, Lisa, The Coolie Speaks: Chinese Indentured Laborers and African Slaves in Cuba (Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press, 2009)Google Scholar.
18 María, LuzSánchez, Fornieles, “El Barrio Chino,” Contrapunto, Vol. 3, No. 27 (1993), pp. 25–26Google Scholar.
19 Johnny López, “El Chinito Pichilón,” New York: Decca [format: 78–10, publish # 21266-1], 1942; Armando Oréfiche, “Chino Li-Wong,” recorded with Billo's Caracas Boys, Venezuela: Billo's [format: 78–10, publish # 4056-1], 1953.
20 Corbitt, Duvon C., “Chinese immigrants in Cuba,” Far Eastern Survey, Vol. 13, No. 14 (1944), p. 131CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
21 Interview with author, 23 February 2011.
22 Benton, Gregor (ed.), The Chinese in Cuba: 1847–Now (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2009), pp. xxii–xxvGoogle Scholar.
23 Ethnographic case studies of the Office of the Historian's activities in Old Havana are presented in Hearn, Cuba: Religion, Social Capital, and Development.
24 Coyula, Mario, Coyula, Miguel, and Oliveras, Rosa, Towards a New Kind of Community in Havana: The Workshops for Integrated Neighborhood Transformation (La Habana: GDIC, 2001), p. 12Google Scholar; Grupo para el Desarrollo Integral de la Capital, La Maqueta de La Habana (La Habana: GDIC, 2001), p. 1Google Scholar.
25 López, Kathleen, “The revitalization of Havana's Chinatown: invoking Chinese Cuban history,” Journal of Chinese Overseas, Vol. 5, No. 1 (2009), p. 197CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
26 Yinghong, Cheng, “Fidel Castro and ‘China's lessons for Cuba’: a Chinese perspective,” The China Quarterly, No. 189 (2007), p. 40Google Scholar.
27 Interview with author, 16 January 2006.
28 Li San, public speech, 30 December, 2005.
29 Interview with author, 27 February 2011.
30 Interview with author, 29 April 2002.
31 Interview with author, 28 February 2011.
32 Armony, The Dubious Link, p. 26; Clemens, Elisabeth S., “Securing political returns to social capital: women's associations in the United States, 1880s–1920s,” in Rotberg, Robert I. (ed.), Patterns of Social Capital: Stability and Change in Historical Perspective (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2001), p. 247Google Scholar; Erel, Umut, “Migrating cultural capital: Bourdieu in migration studies,” Sociology, Vol. 44, No. 4 (2010), pp. 646CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Putnam, Robert D., “E Pluribus Unum: diversity and community in the 21st century,” Scandinavian Political Studies, Vol. 30, No. 2 (2007), p. 138Google Scholar.
33 Interview with author, 12 March 2006.
34 Interview with author, 16 January 2006.
35 Fedderke, “Economic growth and social capital,” pp. 719–20; Lin, Nan, Social Capital: A Theory of Social Structure and Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001), pp. 39–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar.
36 United Nations Development Programme, Human Development Index 2010 (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010), pp. 146, 2000Google Scholar; Environmental Performance Index 2010, http://epi.yale.edu, accessed 16 June 2011.
37 Interview with author, 2 April 2002.
38 Lopez-Levy, Arturo, Change in Post-Fidel Cuba: Political Liberalization, Economic Reform and Lessons for US Policy (Washington, DC: New America Foundation, 2011), p. 6Google Scholar.
39 Interview with author, 23 February 2011.
40 Interview with author, 21 November 2008. Chinese officials have been urging their Cuban counterparts to adjust their blend of state and market strategies in favour of the latter ever since Fidel Castro's meeting with Chinese Premier Li Peng in 1995. See Yinghong, Cheng, “Fidel Castro and ‘China's lessons for Cuba’”; Shixue, Jiang, Cuba's Economic Reforms in Chinese Perspective (Beijing: Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, 2009)Google Scholar.
41 Pérez, Ricardo Torres, “La actualización del modelo económico cubano: continuidad y rupture,” Temas [online]Google Scholar, www.temas.cult.cu, accessed 17 June 2011.
42 Minor, Milthon, “Abren en Mexicali Cámara de Empresarios Chinos del Noroeste,” Frontera, 6 March 2010Google Scholar.
43 Interview with author, 5 November 2008.
44 Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Geografía, Censo de Población y Vivienda 2010, www.inegi.org.mx, accessed 11 October 2011.
45 Figures are from Comtrade, http://comtrade.un.org/db/default.aspx, last accessed 11 October 2011.
46 The Economist, “Retiring Americans: go south, old man,” The Economist online, 24 November 2005, www.economist.com/node/5214922, accessed 10 October 2011.
47 Oppenheimer, Andrés, “La gran esperanza de México: Lograr tener 5 millones de norteamericanos retirados,” Excelsior, 30 April 2010Google Scholar.
48 Interview with author, 31 October 2008.
49 Interview with author, 3 September 2008.
50 Navejas, Francisco Haro, “El dominio de las emociones: percepciones mexicanas sobre China,” in Peters, Enrique Dussel and Delfín, Yolanda Trápaga (eds.), China y México: Implicaciones de una Nueva Relación (Mexico City: La Jornada Publishers, 2007), p. 457Google Scholar.
51 Alvarado, Rocio González, “Piratería china de artesanías amenaza subsistencia del mercado de la Ciudadela,” La Jornada, 14 July, 2008Google Scholar; “Acusan a China de competencia desleal,” La Prensa, 30 January, 2005Google Scholar.
52 Interview with author, 11 June 2010.
53 Interview with author, 16 June 2010.
54 Interview with author, 17 June 2010.
55 López, Mario, “Cambian giros de comercios a bodegas,” Reforma, 5 June 2006, p. 6Google Scholar.
56 Mondragón, Santos, “Ambulantes invaden el Centro Histórico,” Noticieros Televisa, 25 December 2006, p. 1Google Scholar.
57 Interview with author, 8 June 2010.
58 Interview with author, 7 October 2008.
59 Mejía, Javier, “Festejó Asociación China la ‘Semana de Migración’,” La Voz de la Frontera, 24 October 2008, p. 1Google Scholar; “Prometen a chinos traer a sus familias,” La Crónica, 24 October 2008, p. 5Google Scholar.
60 Barabantseva, Elena, “Trans-nationalising Chineseness: Overseas Chinese policies of the PRC's Central Government,” ASIEN, Vol. 96 (2005), p. 17Google Scholar.
61 Minor, “Abren en Mexicali Cámara de Empresarios Chinos del Noroeste.”
62 López, Guadalupe, “Expanden cultura china,” Frontera, 12 February 2009Google Scholar.
63 Interview with author, 21 October 2008.
64 Ibid.
65 Anderson, Benedict, “The new world disorder,” New Left Review, Vol. 193 (1992), p. 13Google Scholar; Navejas, Francisco Haro, “China's relations with Central America and the Caribbean states: reshaping the region,” in Hearn, Adrian H. and Manríquez, José Luis León (eds.), China Engages Latin America: Tracing the Trajectory (Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2011), pp. 209–10Google Scholar; “Jia Qinglin voices five-point hope for overseas Chinese,” Xinhua, 15 September 2007, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2007-09/15/content_6729877.htm, accessed 19 June 2011; Zhan, Lisheng, “Event lauds role of Overseas Chinese,” China Daily, 4 December 2002Google Scholar, www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8797193.html, accessed 19 June 2011.
- 20
- Cited by