Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-29T18:49:30.222Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Young People Transitioning from Out-of-home Care and Access to Higher Education: A Critical Review of the Literature

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2014

Philip Mendes*
Affiliation:
Department of Social Work, Monash University Caulfield Campus, East Caulfield, Australia
Dee Michell
Affiliation:
Gender Studies and Social Analysis, Adelaide University, North Terrace Campus
Jacqueline Z. Wilson
Affiliation:
Faculty of Education and Arts, Federation University, Mt Helen Campus
*
address for correspondence: Associate Professor Philip Mendes, Department of Social Work, Monash University Caulfield Campus, PO Box 197, East Caulfield, 3145, Australia. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Young people transitioning from out-of-home care are known to have poor educational outcomes compared to their non-care peers. Yet little is known about the experiences or needs of the small numbers of Australian care leavers who enter higher education. This article critically examines existing Australian and international research on the access of care leavers to higher education. A group of pre-care, in-care, transition from care and post-care factors are identified as either hindering or assisting care leavers to maximise their educational opportunities. Some specific policy and practice reforms are recommended to enhance opportunities for Australian care leavers to participate in and complete higher education.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ajayi, S., & Quigley, M. (2003). Care leavers entering higher education: The provision of financial and personal support. Childright, July–August, 911.Google Scholar
Ajayi, S., & Quigley, M. (2006). By degrees: Care leavers in higher education. In Chase, E., Simon, A. & Jackson, S. (Eds.), In Care and After: A Positive Perspective (pp. 6381). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2013). Young adults: Then and now, 4102.0 Australian Social Trends. Canberra: Australian Government.Google Scholar
Australian Government. (2009). Transforming Australia's Higher Education System. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2014). Child protection Australia 2012–13. Canberra: AIHW.Google Scholar
Biehal, N., Clayden, J., Stein, M., & Wade, J. (1995). Moving on: Young people and leaving care schemes. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Blome, W. (1997). What happens to foster kids: Education experiences of a random sample of foster care youth and a matched group of non-foster care youth. Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 14 (1), 4153.Google Scholar
Bradley, D. (2008). Final Report of the Review of Australian Higher Education. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Broad, B. (2005). Improving the health and well being of young people leaving care. Dorset: Russell House Publishing.Google Scholar
Cameron, C., Jackson, S., Hauari, H., & Hollingworth, K. (2012). Continuing educational participation among children in care in five countries: Some issues of social class. Journal of Education Policy, 27 (3), 387399.Google Scholar
Cantwell, N., Davidson, J., Elsley, S., Milligan, I., & Quinn, N. (2012). Moving forward: Implementing the guidelines for the alternative care of children. Glasgow: CELCIS.Google Scholar
Casey Family Programs. (2009). Improving educational continuity and school stability for children in out-of-home care. Seattle: CFP.Google Scholar
Cashmore, J., & Mendes, P. (2008). Young people leaving care in Australia. In Stein, M. & Munro, E. (Eds.), Young people's transitions from care to adulthood: International research and practice (pp. 2335). London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Cashmore, J., & Paxman, M. (2007). Longitudinal study of wards leaving care: Four to five years on. Sydney: Social Policy Research Centre.Google Scholar
Cashmore, J., Paxman, M., & Townsend, M. (2007). The educational outcomes of young people 4–5 years after leaving care. Adoption & Fostering, 31 (1), 5061.Google Scholar
Centre for Social Justice. (2014). Survival of the fittest? Improving life chances for care leavers. London: Centre for Social Justice.Google Scholar
Collins, M., & Ward, R. (2011). Services and outcomes for transition-age foster youth: Youths’ perspectives. Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies, 6 (2), 157165.Google Scholar
Courtney, M., Dworsky, A., Brown, A., Cary, C., Love, K., & Vorhies, V. (2011). Midwest evaluation of the adult functioning of former foster youth: Outcomes at age 26. Chicago: Chapin Hall Center for Children, University of Chicago.Google Scholar
Courtney, M., Lee, J., & Perez, A. (2011). Receipt of help acquiring life skills and predictors of help receipt among current and former foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (12), 24422451.Google Scholar
Coyle, D., & Pinkerton, J. (2012). Extended Editorial. Leaving care: The need to make connections. Child Care in Practice, 18 (4), 297308.Google Scholar
Crawford, M., & Tilbury, C. (2007). Child protection workers' perspectives on the School-to-Work Transition for young people in care. Australian Social Work, 60(3), 308320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Creed, P., Tilbury, C., Buys, N., & Crawford, M. (2011). The career aspirations and action behaviours of Australian adolescents in out-of-home-care. Children and Youth Services Review, 33 (9), 17201729.Google Scholar
Day, A., Dworsky, A., Fogarty, K., & Damashek, A. (2011). An examination of post-secondary retention and graduation among foster care youth enrolled in a four-year university. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 23352341.Google Scholar
Day, A., Riebschleger, J., Dworsky, A., Damashek, A., & Fogarty, K. (2012). Maximizing educational opportunities for youth aging out of foster care by engaging youth voices in a partnership for social change. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 10071014.Google Scholar
Department for Education (2013). Statistical first release: Children looked after in England (including adoption and care leavers) year ending 31 March 2013. London: Department for Education.Google Scholar
Department for Education (2014). The Children Act 1989 guidance and regulations. Volume 3: Planning transition to adulthood for care leavers. London: Department for Education.Google Scholar
Department for Education and Skills (2007). Care matters: Time for change. Norwich: HMSO.Google Scholar
Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA).(2011). A nationally consistent approach to leaving care planning. Canberra: Australian Government.Google Scholar
Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs (FaHCSIA).(2012). Protecting children is everyone's business: National Framework for protecting Australia's Children 2009–2020. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia.Google Scholar
Dickens, L., van Breda, A., & Marx, P. (2014). Growth beyond the town: A longitudinal study on youth leaving care. Johannesburg: Girls and Boys Town South Africa.Google Scholar
Duncalf, Z. (2010). Listen up: Adult care leavers speak out: The views of 310 adult care leavers aged 17–78. Manchester: Care Leavers’ Association.Google Scholar
Frimpong Manso, K. (2012). Preparation for young people leaving care: The case of SOS Children's Village, Ghana. Child Care in Practice, 18 (4), 341356.Google Scholar
General Assembly of the United Nations. (2009). Guidelines for the alternative care of children. Adopted by the UN General Assembly 18 December 2009. Retrieved from http://www.iss-ssi.org/2009/assets/files/guidelines/Guidelines-English.pdf (A/RES/64/142).Google Scholar
Hass, M., Allen, Q., & Amoah, M. (2014). Turning points and resilience of academically successful foster youth. Children and Youth Services Review, 44, 387392.Google Scholar
Hernandez, L. (2012). Promoting higher education for youth leaving foster care: College preparation and campus based programs. Developing Practice, 32, 7486.Google Scholar
Hernandez, L., & Naccarato, T. (2010). Scholarships and supports available to foster care alumni: A study of 12 programs across the US. Children and Youth Services Review, 32, 758766.Google Scholar
Hook, J., & Courtney, M. (2011). Employment outcomes of former foster youth as young adults: The importance of human, personal, and social capital. Children and Youth Services Review, 33, 18551865.Google Scholar
Hyde-Dryden, G. (2012). Overcoming by degrees: exploring care leavers’ experiences of higher education in England. E-published doctoral thesis, Loughborough University, Loughbourough, UK.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (2007). Care leavers, exclusion and access to higher education. In Abrams, D., Christian, J. & Gordon, D. (Eds.), Multidisciplinary handbook of social exclusion research (pp. 115135). West Sussex: John Wiley & Sons.Google Scholar
Jackson, S. (2011). Case study on the impact of IOE research into Going to University from Care. London: Institute of Education: University of London.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., & Ajayi, S. (2007). Foster care and higher education. Adoption & Fostering, 31 (1), 6272.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., Ayaji, S., & Quigley, M. (2011) Case study on the impact of IOE research into going to university from care. London: Institute of Education, University of London.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., & Cameron, C. (2009). Young people from a public care background: Establishing a baseline of attainment and progression beyond compulsory schooling in five EU countries. London: Institute of Education.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., & Cameron, C. (2012). Leaving care: Looking ahead and aiming higher. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 11071114.Google Scholar
Jackson, S., & Simon, A. (2006). The costs and benefits of educating children in care. In Chase, E., Simon, A. & Jackson, S. (Eds.), In care and after: A positive perspective (pp. 4462). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Jones, L. (2010). The educational experiences of former foster youth three years after discharge. Child Welfare, 89 (6), 722.Google ScholarPubMed
Jurczyszyn, R. (2014). Care to higher and further education. Doctor of Philosophy thesis, Griffith University, Brisbane.Google Scholar
Jurczyszyn, R., & Tilbury, C. (2012). Higher and further education for care leavers: A road less travelled. Developing Practice, 33, 1022.Google Scholar
Kelleher, O., Kelleher, C., & Corbett, M. (2000). Left out on their own: Young people leaving care in Ireland. Dublin: Oak Tree Press.Google Scholar
Kenway, J., & Hickey-Moody, A. (2011). Life chances, lifestyle and everyday aspirational strategies and tactics. Critical Studies in Education, 52 (2), 151163.Google Scholar
Macomber, J., Cuccaro-Alamin, S., Duncan, D., Kuehn, D., McDaniel, M., Vericker, T., . . . Barth, R. (2008). Coming of age: Empirical outcomes for youth who age out of foster care in their middle twenties. Washington DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
McDowall, J. (2008). Report card: Transitioning from care. Sydney: Create Foundation.Google Scholar
McDowall, J. (2009). Create report card 2009, Transitioning from care: Tracking progress. Sydney: Create Foundation.Google Scholar
McDowall, J. (2013). Experiencing out-of-home care in Australia: The views of children and young people (CREATE report card 2013). Sydney: Create Foundation.Google Scholar
Mendes, P., Johnson, G., & Moslehuddin, B. (2011). Young people leaving state out-of-home care. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly Publishing.Google Scholar
Mendes, P., Pinkerton, J., & Munro, E. (2014). Guest Editorial. Young people transitioning from out-of-home care: An issue of social justice. Australian Social Work, 67 (1), 14.Google Scholar
Mendes, P., Snow, P., & Baidawi, S. (2013). Young people transitioning from out-of-home care: A critical analysis of leaving care policy, legislation and housing support in the Australian state of Victoria. Child Abuse Review. DOI: 10.1002/CAR.2302.Google Scholar
Mendis, K. (2012). Exploring ways in which to support the education of children in care. Developing Practice, 33, 2634.Google Scholar
Mendis, K. (2013). Research for practice: Highlighting personal strengths of children in out-of-home care: Two case examples. Children Australia, 38 (1), 3639.Google Scholar
Merdinger, J., Hines, A., Lemon Osterling, K., & Wyatt, P. (2005). Pathways to college for former foster youth: Understanding factors that contribute to educational success. Child Welfare, 84 (6), 867896.Google Scholar
Michell, D. (2012). A suddenly desirable demographic? Care leavers in higher education. Developing Practice, 33, 4458.Google Scholar
Mitchell, J. (2013). Young people in out-of-home care in rural and regional Victoria: A discussion paper. Melbourne: Youth Affairs Council of Victoria.Google Scholar
Munro, E., Lushey, C., National Care Advisory Service, Maskell-Graham, D., Ward, H. with Holmes, L. (2012). Evaluation of the Staying Put 18 +family placement programme pilot final report. London: Department for Education.Google Scholar
Murray, S., Murphy, J., Branigan, L., & Malone, J. (2009). After the orphanage: Life beyond the children's home. Sydney: UNSW Press.Google Scholar
National Care Advisory Service. (2012). Support for care leavers aged 21 to 25 with education and training. London: NCAS.Google Scholar
National Foster Care Coalition (2007). The Chafee Educational and Training Voucher (ETV) program. Seattle: Casey Family Programs.Google Scholar
O’Sullivan, A., & Westerman, R. (2007). Closing the gap: Investigating the barriers to educational achievement for looked after children. Adoption & Fostering Journal, 31 (1), 1320.Google Scholar
Pecora, P. (2012). Maximizing educational achievement of youth in foster care and alumni: Factors associated with success. Children and Youth Services Review, 34, 11211129.Google Scholar
Pecora, P., Williams, J., Kessler, R., Hiripi, E., O’Brien, K., Emerson, L. J., . . . Torres, D. (2006). Assessing the educational achievements of adults who were formerly placed in family foster care. Child and Family Social Work, 11, 220231.Google Scholar
Raman, S., Inder, B., & Forbes, C. (2005). Investing for success: The economics of supporting young people leaving care. Melbourne: Centre for Excellence in Child and Family Welfare.Google Scholar
Refaeli, T., & Strahl, B. (2014). Turning point processes to higher education among care leavers. Social Work & Society, 12 (1), 113.Google Scholar
Rogers, R. (2014). Taking responsibility for the provision of financial, housing and emotional support for young people leaving care. Australian Social Work, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0312407X.2013.868013.Google Scholar
Social Exclusion Unit. (2003). A better education for children in care. London: HMSO.Google Scholar
Stein, M. (2004). What works for young people leaving care? Ilford: Barnardo's.Google Scholar
Stein, M. (2012). Young people leaving care. London: Jessica Kingsley.Google Scholar
Stepanova, E., & Hackett, S. (2014). Understanding care leavers in Russia: Young people's experiences of institutionalisation. Australian Social Work, 67 (1), 118134.Google Scholar
Tanur, C. (2012). Project Lungisela: Supporting young people leaving state care in South Africa. Child Care in Practice, 18 (4), 325340.Google Scholar
Tilbury, C., Buys, N., & Creed, P. (2009). Perspectives of young People in care about their school-to-work transition. Australian Social Work, 62 (4), 476490.Google Scholar
Townsend, M. (2011). Are we making the grade? The education of children and young people in out-of-home care. E-published Doctor of Philosophy Thesis, Southern Cross University, Lismore.Google Scholar
Vassallo, S., Smart, D., & Price-Robertson, R. (2009). The roles that parents play in the lives of their young adult children. Family Matters, 82, 814.Google Scholar
Vinnerljung, B., Oman, M., & Gunnarson, T. (2005). Educational attainments of former child welfare clients – a Swedish national cohort study. International Journal of Social Welfare, 14, 265276.Google Scholar
Wise, S. (2012). Higher and further education for care leavers: A road less travelled. Developing Practice, 33, 2324.Google Scholar
Zeira, A., Arzev, S., Benbenishty, R., & Portnoy, H. (2014). Children in educational residential care: A cohort study of Israeli Youth. Australian Social Work, 67 (1), 5570.Google Scholar