Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jkksz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T12:28:43.192Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Phenomenology of childhood hoarding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 October 2020

Noam Soreni Open the ORCID record for Noam Soreni [Opens in a new window]
Noam Soreni*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street, West, Hamilton, OntarioL8S 4L8, Canada Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, 100 West 5th Street, Hamilton, OntarioL8N 3K7, Canada
*
Author for correspondence: Noam Soreni, Email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Hoarding disorder (HD) has been recently added as a separate diagnostic category in the 5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. HD is a common and disabling disorder, with an estimated prevalence in the general population of 2–6%. Although evidence suggests that the onset of hoarding symptoms is usually during childhood and adolescence (youth), relatively little is known about HD in this population. The present article is a selective review of emerging literature on the clinical features of hoarding in youth.

Keywords

Hoardingchildrenadolescentsdiscardingclutter
Type
Review Article
Information
Children Australia , Volume 45 , Special Issue 3: Special Issue: Hoarding , September 2020 , pp. 138 - 144
Copyright
© The Author(s) 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarenga, P. G., Cesar, R. C., Leckman, J. F., Moriyama, T. S., Torres, A. R., Bloch, M. H., Coughlin, C., Hoexter, M., Manfro, G., Polanczyk, G., Miguel, E., & Do Rosario, M. C. (2015). Obsessive-compulsive symptom dimensions in a population-based, cross-sectional sample of school-aged children. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 62, 108–114. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2015.01.018 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2004). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed., text rev.). APA.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). APA.Google Scholar
Ayers, C. R., Iqbal, Y., & Strickland, K. (2014). Medical conditions in geriatric hoarding disorder patients. Aging & Mental Health, 18(2), 148–151. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2013.814105 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Besiroglu, L., Uguz, F., Ozbebit, O., Guler, O., Cilli, A. S., & Askin, R. (2007). Longitudinal assessment of symptom and subtype categories in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 24(7), 461–466. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20240 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloch, M. H., Craiglow, B. G., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Dombrowski, P. A., Panza, K. E., Peterson, B. S., & Leckman, J. F. (2009). Predictors of early adult outcomes in pediatric-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder. Pediatrics, 124(4), 1085–1093. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2009-0015 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burgess, A. M., Graves, L. M., & Frost, R. O. (2018). My possessions need me: Anthropomorphism and hoarding. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 59(3), 340–348. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12441 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burton, C. L., Arnold, P. D., & Soreni, N. (2015). Three reasons why studying hoarding in children and adolescents is important. Journal of the Canadian Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 24(2), 128–130.Google ScholarPubMed
Burton, C. L., Crosbie, J., Dupuis, A., Mathews, C. A., Soreni, N., Schachar, R., & Arnold, P. D. (2016). Clinical correlates of hoarding with and without comorbid obsessive-compulsive symptoms in a community pediatric sample. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(2), 114-21.e2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2015.11.014 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burton, C. L., Park, L. S., Corfield, E. C., Forget-Dubois, N., Dupuis, A., Sinopoli, V. M., Shan, J., Goodale, T., Shaheen, S-M., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R., & Arnold, P. D. (2018). Heritability of obsessive-compulsive trait dimensions in youth from the general population. Translational Psychiatry, 8(1), 191. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41398-018-0249-9 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Calvocoressi, L., Mazure, C. M., Kasl, S. V, Skolnick, J., Fisk, D., Vegso, S. J., Van Noppen, B., & Price, L. H. (1999). Family accommodation of obsessive-compulsive symptoms: instrument development and assessment of family behavior. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 187(10), 636–642.10.1097/00005053-199910000-00008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dozier, M. E., Porter, B., & Ayers, C. R. (2016). Age of onset and progression of hoarding symptoms in older adults with hoarding disorder. Aging & Mental Health, 20(7), 736–742. https://doi.org/10.1080/13607863.2015.1033684 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drury, H., Ajmi, S., de la Cruz, L. F., Nordsletten, A. E., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2014). Caregiver burden, family accommodation, health, and well-being in relatives of individuals with hoarding disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 159, 7–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.023; 10.1016/j.jad.2014.01.023 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dykens, E. M., Leckman, J. F., & Cassidy, S. B. (1996). Obsessions and compulsions in Prader-Willi syndrome. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 37(8), 995–1002. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.1996.tb01496.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Evans, D. W., Gray, F. L., & Leckman, J. F. (1999). The rituals, fears and phobias of young children: Insights from development, psychopathology and neurobiology. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 29(4), 261–276. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021392931450 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Foa, E. B., Coles, M., Huppert, J. D., Pasupuleti, R. V., Franklin, M. E., & March, J. (2010). Development and validation of a child version of the obsessive compulsive inventory. Behavior Therapy, 41(1), 121–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beth.2009.02.001; 10.1016/j.beth.2009.02.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Francazio, S. K., Flessner, C. A., Boisseau, C. L., Sibrava, N. J., Mancebo, M. C., Eisen, J. L., & Rasmussen, S. A. (2016). Parental accommodation predicts symptom severity at long-term follow-up in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 25(8), 2562–2570. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-016-0408-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., & Hartl, T. L. (1996). A cognitive-behavioral model of compulsive hoarding. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 34(4), 341–350.10.1016/0005-7967(95)00071-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Kyrios, M., McCarthy, K. D., & Matthews, Y. (2007). Self-ambivalence and attachment to possessions. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 21(3), 232–242. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/088983907781494582 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). Stuff: Compulsive hoarding and the meaning of things. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.Google Scholar
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Grisham, J. (2004). Measurement of compulsive hoarding: Saving inventory-revised. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 42(10), 1163–1182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2003.07.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2011). Comorbidity in hoarding disorder. Depression and Anxiety, 28(10), 876–884. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20861; 10.1002/da.20861 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Tolin, D. F. (2012). Diagnosis and assessment of hoarding disorder. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology, 8, 219–242. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032511-143116 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Williams, L. (2000). Hoarding: A community health problem. Health & Social Care in the Community, 8(4), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2524.2000.00245.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grisham, J. R., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Kim, H. J., & Hood, S. (2006). Age of onset of compulsive hoarding. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 20(5), 675–686. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2005.07.004 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacker, L. E., Park, J. M., Timpano, K. R., Cavitt, M. A., Alvaro, J. L., Lewin, A. B., … Storch, E. A. (2016). Hoarding in children with ADHD. Journal of Attention Disorders, 20(7), 617–626. https://doi.org/10.1177/1087054712455845 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Halmi, K. A., Sunday, S. R., Klump, K. L., Strober, M., Leckman, J. F., Fichter, M., Kaplan, A., Woodside, B., Treasure, J., Berrettini, W., Al Shabboat, M., Bulik, C., & Kaye, W. H. (2003). Obsessions and compulsions in anorexia nervosa subtypes. The International Journal of Eating Disorders, 33(3), 308–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/eat.10138 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamblin, R. J., Lewin, A. B., Salloum, A., Crawford, E. A., McBride, N. M., & Storch, E. A. (2015). Clinical characteristics and predictors of hoarding in children with anxiety disorders. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 36, 9–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2015.07.006 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Iervolino, A. C., Perroud, N., Fullana, M. A., Guipponi, M., Cherkas, L., Collier, D. A., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2009). Prevalence and heritability of compulsive hoarding: A twin study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 166(10), 1156–1161. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.08121789 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ivanov, V. Z., Mataix-Cols, D., Serlachius, E., Lichtenstein, P., Anckarsater, H., Chang, Z., Gumpert, C., Lundstrom, S., Langstrom, N., & Ruck, C. (2013). Prevalence, comorbidity and heritability of hoarding symptoms in adolescence: A population based twin study in 15-year olds. PloS One, 8(7), e69140. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069140; 10.1371/journal.pone.0069140 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kichuk, S. A., Torres, A. R., Fontenelle, L. F., Rosario, M. C., Shavitt, R. G., Miguel, E. C., Pittenger, C., & Bloch, M. H. (2013). Symptom dimensions are associated with age of onset and clinical course of obsessive-compulsive disorder. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry, 44, 233–239. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.003; 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.02.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyrios, M., Mogan, C., Moulding, R., Frost, R. O., Yap, K., & Fassnacht, D. B. (2018). The cognitive-behavioural model of hoarding disorder: Evidence from clinical and non-clinical cohorts. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 25(2), 311–321. https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.2164 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
La Buissonniere-Ariza, V., Wood, J. J., Kendall, P. C., McBride, N. M., Cepeda, S. L., Small, B. J., Lewin, A., Kerns, C., & Storch, E. A. (2018). Presentation and correlates of hoarding behaviors in children with autism spectrum disorders and comorbid anxiety or obsessive-compulsive symptoms. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(12), 4167–4178. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3645-3 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landau, D., Iervolino, A. C., Pertusa, A., Santo, S., Singh, S., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2011). Stressful life events and material deprivation in hoarding disorder. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 25(2), 192–202 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2010.09.002 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Levy, H. C., Nett, A., & Tolin, D. F. (2019). Discarding personal possessions increases psychophysiological activation in patients with hoarding disorder. Psychiatry Research, 272, 499–506. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.163 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lo, S. T., Collin, P. J. L., & Hokken-Koelega, A. C. S. (2015). Psychiatric disorders in children with Prader-Willi syndrome-Results of a 2-year longitudinal study. American Journal of Medical Genetics. Part A, 167A(5), 983–991. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajmg.a.36998 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lynch, F. A., Moulding, R., & McGillivray, J. A. (2017). Phenomenology of hoarding in children with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): The perceptions of parents. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 76, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.comppsych.2017.03.009 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D., Nakatani, E., Micali, N., & Heyman, I. (2008). Structure of obsessive-compulsive symptoms in pediatric OCD. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 47(7), 773–778. https://doi.org/10.1097/CHI.0b013e31816b73c0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mataix-Cols, D., & Pertusa, A. (2012). Annual research review: Hoarding disorder: Potential benefits and pitfalls of a new mental disorder. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, and Allied Disciplines, 53(5), 608–618. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02464.x; 10.1111/j.1469-7610.2011.02464.x CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morris, S. H., Jaffee, S. R., Goodwin, G. P., & Franklin, M. E. (2016). Hoarding in children and adolescents: A review. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 47(5), 740–750. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-015-0607-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nordsletten, A. E., Fernandez de la Cruz, L., Aluco, E., Alonso, P., Lopez-Sola, C., Menchon, J. M., Nakao, T., Kuwano, M., Yamada, S., Fontenelle, L., Campos-Lima, A., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2018). A transcultural study of hoarding disorder: Insights from the United Kingdom, Spain, Japan, and Brazil. Transcultural Psychiatry, 55(2), 261–285. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363461518759203CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ong, C., Pang, S., Sagayadevan, V., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2015). Functioning and quality of life in hoarding: A systematic review. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 32, 17–30. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2014.12.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Palermo, S. D., Bloch, M. H., Craiglow, B., Landeros-Weisenberger, A., Dombrowski, P. A., Panza, K., Smith, M., Peterson, B., & Leckman, J. F. (2011). Predictors of early adulthood quality of life in children with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 46(4), 291–297. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00127-010-0194-2 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Park, L. S., Burton, C. L., Dupuis, A., Shan, J., Storch, E. A., Crosbie, J., Schachar, R., & Arnold, P. D. (2016). The Toronto Obsessive-Compulsive Scale: Psychometrics of a dimensional measure of Obsessive-Compulsive traits. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 55(4), 310–318.e4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2016.01.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pertusa, A., Fullana, M. A., Singh, S., Alonso, P., Menchon, J. M., & Mataix-Cols, D. (2008). Compulsive hoarding: OCD symptom, distinct clinical syndrome, or both? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 165(10), 1289–1298. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2008.07111730 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Plimpton, E. H., Frost, R. O., Abbey, B. C., & Dorer, W. (2009). Compulsive hoarding in children: Six case studies. International Journal of Cognitive Therapy, 2(1), 88–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/ijct.2009.2.1.88 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raines, A. M., Timpano, K. R., & Schmidt, N. B. (2014). Effects of clutter on information processing deficits in individuals with hoarding disorder. Journal of Affective Disorders, 166, 30–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2014.04.074 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Riise, E. N., Kvale, G., Ost, L.-G., Skjold, S. H., & Hansen, B. (2019). Does family accommodation predict outcome of concentrated exposure and response prevention for adolescents? Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(6), 975–986. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00898-1 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez, C. I., Simpson, H. B., Liu, S. M., Levinson, A., & Blanco, C. (2013). Prevalence and correlates of difficulty discarding: Results from a national sample of the US population. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease, 201(9), 795–801. https://doi.org/10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a21471; 10.1097/NMD.0b013e3182a21471 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, J., Grados, M. A., Riddle, M. A., Bienvenu, O. J., Goes, F. S., Cullen, B., Wang, Y., Greenberg, B., Fyer, A., Mccracken, J., Geller, D., Murphy, D., Knowles, J., Rasmussen, S., Mclaughlin, N., Piacentini, J., Pauls, D., Stewart, S. E., Shugart, Y-Y., & Maher, B. (2014). Hoarding in children and adolescents with obsessive-compulsive disorder. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 3(4), 325–331. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2014.08.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, J., Joseph Bienvenu, O. J., 3rd, Riddle, M. A., Cullen, B. A., Grados, M. A., Liang, K. Y., Hoehn-Saric, R., & Nestadt, G. (2002). Hoarding in obsessive compulsive disorder: Results from a case-control study. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 40(5), 517–528.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Samuels, J. F., Bienvenu, O. J., Grados, M. A., Cullen, B., Riddle, M. A., Liang, K. Y., Eaton, W. & Nestadt, G. (2008). Prevalence and correlates of hoarding behavior in a community-based sample. Behavior Research and Therapy, 46(7), 836–844. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.04.004 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scahill, L., Dimitropoulos, A., McDougle, C. J., Aman, M. G., Feurer, I. D., McCracken, J. T., Tierney, E., Pu, J., White, S., Lecavalier, L., Hallett, V., Bearss, K., King, B., Arnold, L. E., & Vitiello, B. (2014). Children’s Yale-Brown obsessive compulsive scale in autism spectrum disorder: Component structure and correlates of symptom checklist. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 53(1), 97–107.e1. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.018 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Scahill, L., Riddle, M. A., McSwiggin-Hardin, M., Ort, S. I., King, R. A., Goodman, W. K., … Leckman, J. F. (1997). Children’s Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale: Reliability and validity. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 36(6), 844–852.10.1097/00004583-199706000-00023CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheppard, B., Chavira, D., Azzam, A., Grados, M. A., Umana, P., Garrido, H., & Mathews, C. A. (2010). ADHD prevalence and association with hoarding behaviors in childhood-onset OCD. Depression and Anxiety, 27(7), 667–674. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20691 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soreni, N., Cameron, D., Vorstenbosch, V., Duku, E., Rowa, K., Swinson, R., Bullard, C., & McCabe, R. (2018). Psychometric evaluation of a revised scoring approach for the Children’s Saving Inventory in a Canadian sample of youth with Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder. Child Psychiatry and Human Development. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-018-0811-y CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Storch, E. A., Muroff, J., Lewin, A. B., Geller, D., Ross, A., McCarthy, K., Morgan, J., Murphy, T., Frost, R., & Steketee, G. (2011). Development and preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Children’s Saving Inventory. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 42(2), 166–182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-010-0207-0 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Storch, E. A., Nadeau, J. M., Johnco, C., Timpano, K., McBride, N., Mutch, P. J., Lewin, A., & Murphy, T. K. (2016). Hoarding in youth with autism spectrum disorders and anxiety: Incidence, clinical correlates, and behavioral treatment response. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46(5), 1602–1612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-015-2687-z CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Timpano, K. R., Exner, C., Glaesmer, H., Rief, W., Keshaviah, A., Brahler, E., & Wilhelm, S. (2011). The epidemiology of the proposed DSM-5 hoarding disorder: Exploration of the acquisition specifier, associated features, and distress. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 72(6), 780–789. https://doi.org/10.4088/JCP.10m06380 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). A brief interview for assessing compulsive hoarding: The hoarding rating scale-interview. Psychiatry Research, 178(1), 147–152. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2009.05.001 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., Gray, K. D., & Fitch, K. E. (2008). The economic and social burden of compulsive hoarding. Psychiatry Research, 160(2), 200–211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2007.08.008 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Gilliam, C. M., Davis, E., Springer, K., Levy, H. C., Frost, R. O., Steketee, G., & Stevens, M. C. (2018). Psychometric properties of the Hoarding Rating Scale-Interview. Journal of Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders, 16, 76–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jocrd.2018.01.003 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., Meunier, S. A., Frost, R. O., & Steketee, G. (2010). Course of compulsive hoarding and its relationship to life events. Depression and Anxiety, 27(9), 829–838. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.20684 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tolin, D. F., & Villavicencio, A. (2011). An exploration of economic reasoning in hoarding disorder patients. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 49(12), 914–919. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2011.09.005 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Van Grootheest, D. S., & Cath, D. C. (2007, September). Compulsive hoarding and OCD: Two distinct disorders? The American Journal of Psychiatry, 164, 1435; author reply 1435-6. https://doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2007.07030425 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wu, M. S., Geller, D. A., Schneider, S. C., Small, B. J., Murphy, T. K., Wilhelm, S., & Storch, E. A. (2019). Comorbid psychopathology and the clinical profile of family accommodation in pediatric OCD. Child Psychiatry and Human Development, 50(5), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-019-00876-7 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zaboski, B. A. 2nd, Merritt, O. A., Schrack, A. P., Gayle, C., Gonzalez, M., Guerrero, L. A., Dueñas, J., Soreni, N., & Mathews, C. A. (2019). Hoarding: A meta-analysis of age of onset. Depression and Anxiety, 36(6), 552–564. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22896 CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed