Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-8bhkd Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T11:16:51.488Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Extra-Familial Care: Perspectives from India

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 December 2015

Shraddha Kapoor  and
Deepshikha Patra
Shraddha Kapoor*
Affiliation:
Department of Human Development and Childhood studies, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
Deepshikha Patra
Affiliation:
Department of Human Development and Childhood studies, Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, India
*
address for correspondence: Dr Shraddha Kapoor, Lady Irwin College, Sikandra Road, New Delhi 110 001, India. E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper aims to give an overview of out-of-home care in India. It looks at the history and culture of extra-familial care in the country, the urgent need for organised out-of-home care, and tries to understand the role of the state, including legislation and policies. The belief that individual families should solve their children's problems is deeply ingrained. There are different support systems that cater to the children's needs and right to healthy living in home and with family. While the government and community choose and decide for the children of the country, the government drags its feet in drafting policies which recognise that large number of children are growing up without families. More research is needed to look at the need and quality parameters for out-of-home care. Action from both government and non-government organisations (NGOs) will require a large number of institutions that, in turn, will require sufficient budgets and trained staff to ensure an environment of protection, support and appropriate development for an estimated 20 million children in need of good quality out-of-home care in India.

Keywords

ChildcareExtra familialIndiaChildrenOut Of HomeEarly years
Type
Articles
Information
Children Australia , Volume 40 , Issue 4: OUT OF HOME CARE-REFLECTING ON THE PAST AND ENVISIONING FUTURE DEVELOPMENTS , December 2015 , pp. 335 - 341
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s) 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ahmad, S. (2007). A study of children in foster care institutions in Delhi. www.Grin.com.Google Scholar
Ainsworth, M. (1979). Infant mother attachment. American Psychologist, 34 (10), 932–937.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anandalakshmy, S. (2005). Parenting as a fine art. Keynote address at the Asia – Africa seminar on parenting through the life span. “Challenges and opportunities”, February 2005, M.S. University, Baroda, India.Google Scholar
Andreazi, M. (2015). Identity and individuality: The art of belonging while being yourself. MISC. Retrieved from http://www.miscmagazine.com/identity-and-individuality-the-art-of-belonging-while-being-yourself/.Google Scholar
Bharat, S. (1993). Child Adoption: Trends and emerging issues. Bombay: Tata Institute of Social Science.Google Scholar
Bowlby, J. (1980). Secure and insecure attachment. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Centrone, M. (2014). Institutionalised Children: A seminar on standards of care and mental health. March 14–15, 2014 Amity University, New Delhi, India: Udayancare.org/seminar-592journal/background.html.Google Scholar
Chisholm, K. (1998). A three year follow-up of attachment and indiscriminate friendliness in children adopted from Romanian orphanages. Child Development, 69 (4), 1092–1106.Google ScholarPubMed
Devpura, K. (2014). Foster care takes root in India. How does it differ from adoption? The Christian Science Monitor. Retrieved from http://www.csmonitor.com/The-Culture/Family/Modern-Parenthood/2014/0127/Foster-care-takes-root-in-India.-How-does-it-differ-from-adoption.Google Scholar
International Institute for Population Sciences. (2013). National Family Health Survey (NFHS)-4 India. Mumbai, India: Ministry of Health and Family Welfare. Retrieved from: http://rchiips.org/NFHS/NFHS4/pdf/Final%20Pretest%20Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Jayapalan. (2005). History of Education in India. New Delhi: Atlantic Publishers.Google Scholar
Kakar, S. (2008). The Inner World: A psychoanalytic study of childhood and society in India. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kapoor, S. (2005). Alternate care for infants of employed mothers: Experiences in different childcare arrangements. (Unpublished doctoral thesis), University of Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Kapoor, S. (2006). Early childhood care and education: An Indian perspective. In Melhuish, E. and Petrogiannis, K. (Eds.), Early Childhood Care and Education: International perspectives (pp. 133–149). Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kapur, M. (1995). Mental health of Indian children. New Delhi: Sage.Google Scholar
Khandekar, M. (1979). Residential child care some conceptual and organizational issues. In Souza, A. De (Ed.), Children in India. New Delhi: Manohar Publications.Google Scholar
Krishnan, L. (1998). Child-rearing: The Indian perspective. In Srivastava, A. K. (Ed.), Child development: The Indian perspective. New Delhi: NCERT, 22–25.Google Scholar
Lis, S. (2000). Characteristics of attachment behaviour in institution-reared children. In Crittenden, P. M. & Claussen, A. H. (Eds.), The organization of attachment relationships. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 141–170.Google Scholar
Mathur, M., & Monika, M. (2009). Incidence, type and intensity of abuse in street children in India. Child Abuse and Neglect, 33 (12), 907–913.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDonald, T., Allen, R., Westerfelt, A., & Piliavin, I. (n.d.). Assessing the long-term effects of foster care: A research synthesis. Retrieved from http://www.irp.wisc.edu/publications/focus/pdfs/foc142g.pdf.Google Scholar
Menon, U. (2003). Morality and context: A study of Hindu understandings. In Valsiner, J. & Connolly, K. J. (Eds.), Handbook of developmental psychology (pp. 341–448). London: Sage Publications.Google Scholar
Ministry of Law, Justice and Company Affairs. (2000). The Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act, 2000. Retrieved June, 2015 from http://wcd.nic.in/childprot/jjact2000.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Women and Child Development. (2007a). Study on Child Abuse: India 2007. Government of India. Retrieved from: http://wcd.nic.in/childabuse.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Women and Child Development. (2007b). Rules under the Juvenile Justice (Care and Protection of Children) Act 2000. Retrieved June, 2015 from http://wcd.nic.in/childprot/juvenile%20justice%20_care%20and%20protection%20of%20children_%20rules%202%E2%80%A6.pdf.Google Scholar
Mulheir, G. (2012). The tragedy of orphanages [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/talks/georgette_mulheir_the_tragedy_of_orphanages.Google Scholar
Nath, N., & Sethi, D. (1990). Child Welfare in India: An overview. New Delhi: NIPCCD.Google Scholar
NIPCCD, (1990). Statistics on Children in India Pocketbook, New Delhi. National Institute of Public Cooperation and Child Development.Google Scholar
Paniagua, F. A., & Yamada, A. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of multicultural mental health: Assessment and treatment of diverse. Elsevier.Google Scholar
Patel, S. (1990). Street children, hotel boys and children of pavement dweller and construction workers in Bombay: How they meet their daily needs. Environment and Urbanization, 2 (2), 9–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patra, D. (2015). Social and emotional well-being in the early years in different settings. (Unpublished Masters thesis), Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Planning Commission. (1974). Fifth five year plan 1974–79. Government of India, New Delhi. Retrieved from http://planningcommission.nic.in/plans/planrel/fiveyr/5th/welcome.html.Google Scholar
Puthenkalam, J. (1969). From theory to practice, catholic orphanages in India: An evaluation. Social Action, 19 (2), 153–166.Google Scholar
Rane, A., Naldu, U., & Kapadia, K. (1966). Children in difficult situations in India. TISS Unit for Child and Youth.Google Scholar
Rastogi, A. (2015). Perceptions of self and well-being of children living in children's homes. (Unpublished Masters thesis), Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi, India.Google Scholar
Roland, A. (1989). In search of self in India and Japan. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.Google Scholar
Routray, S., Meher, B., Tripathy, R., Parida, S., Mahilary, N., & Pradhan, D. (2015). Growth and development among children living in orphanages. Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences, 14 (4), 38–41.Google Scholar
Rutter, M., Beckett, C., Castle, J., Colvert, E., Kreppner, J., & Mehta, M. (2007). Effects of profound early institutional deprivation: An overview of findings from a UK longitudinal study of Romanian adoptees. European Journal of Developmental Psychology, 4 (3), 332–350.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SOS Children's Villages. (2014). A home for every child. A hope for a better tomorrow: Annual report 2013–14. Retrieved from http://www.soschildrensvillages.in/getmedia/3b66d9af-4a76-4ada-9ba6-614c16a5c8bf/AnnualReport2013-2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Subrahmanyam, Y., & Sondhi, R. (1990). Child Porters: Psychosocial profile of street children. International Journal of Social Work, 51 (4), 577–582.Google Scholar
Taneja, V., Sriram, S., Beri, R. S., Sreenivas, V., Aggarwal, R., & Kaur, R. (2002). Not by bread alone: Impact of a structured 90-minute play session on the development of children in an orphanage. Child: Care Health & Development, 28 (1), 95–100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tilbury, C., & Thoburn, J. (2008). Children in out-of-home care in Australia: International comparisons. Children Australia, 33 (3), 3–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turiel, E. (1979). Distinct Conceptual and Developmental domains. Social — Convention and Morality. In Keasy, C.B. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1979.(Vol. 25). Lincoln University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
UNICEF. (1984). The State of the World's Children.Google Scholar
UNICEF. (2012). The state of the world's children 2012. Retrieved from www.unicef.org/sowc/files/SOWC_2012-Main_Report_EN_21Dec2011.pdf.Google Scholar
Valsiner, J. (2013). (Ed.) The Oxford Handbook of Culture and Psychology, Oxford UK, Oxford University Press.Google Scholar