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Research Opportunities in West and East German Archives for the Weimar Period and the Third Reich

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

George O. Kent
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Extract

This paper is an attempt to draw attention to some of the major as well as some of the lesser known collections in the archives of the German Democratic and the German Federal Republics. It will suggest broad topics and areas that might lead to fruitful research, and is not intended as a comprehensive survey of these holdings.

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Central European History , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 1979 , pp. 38 - 67
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Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1979

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References

1 For some aspects of the captured German documents, see Wolfe, R., ed., Captured German and Related Documents: A National Archives Conference (Athens, Ohio, 1974)Google Scholar; Gatzke, H. W., “The Quadripartite Project: Akten zur deutschen answärtigen Politik 1948–1945: Experiment in International Historiography,” in Russland-Deutschland-Amerika: Festschrift für Fritz Epstein zum 80. Geburtstag, ed. Fischer, A., Moltmann, G., and Schwabe, K. (Wiesbaden, 1978), pp. 333–41Google Scholar; on the status of German archives at the end of the war, see Kahlenberg, F., Deutsche Archive in West und Ost (Düsseldorf, 1972), chap. 2Google Scholar; on sources for German history since 1918, see Institut für Zeitgeschichte, Deutsche Geschichte seit dem ersten Weltkrieg, 3; Benz, W., Quellen zur Zeitgeschichte (Stuttgart, 1973).Google Scholar The last publication is, at the moment, the best and most detailed reference work on contemporary German history. There has been some unavoidable duplication of sources and bibliography between this volume and the present article; readers should consult Dr. Benz's volume in all such cases.

2 It should be noted, however, that because of Germany's strong particularism, no national archive similar to those in France, Britain, and Spain had existed.

After 1946, the archives of the German Democratic Republic were organized along new, centralized, and unitary lines (see below, pt. II), while the organization of the archives of the German Federal Republic was based on the structure of the existing state and regional archives. A new federal archive (Bundesarchiv) in Koblenz, established in 1952, became the depository for material from the various federal ministries and administrative units after 1949 (except the foreign ministry, which maintained its own archive), records of the U.S., British, and French occupation powers, materials from former German eastern territories, collections which had been evacuated to western and southern Germany during the war, and various pre-1945 collections that were released and returned by the occupation powers. For details see Kahlenberg, chaps. 2, 4, and 6. Booms, H. and Boberach, H., Das Bundesarchiv und seine Bestände, 2nd ed. (Boppard, 1968)Google Scholar, henceforth cited Booms and Boberach. Welsch, E. K., Libraries and Archives in Germany (Pittsburgh, 1975), pp. 149ff.Google ScholarMinerva-Handbücher, , Archive im deutschsprachigen Raum, 2 vols., 2nd ed. (Berlin, 1974)Google Scholar, henceforth cited Minerva Archive. Benz, pp. 11–45.

Of the public state archives, those of Baden-Württemberg include the archives at Karlsruhe, Stuttgart, Ludwigsburg, and Sigmaringen. Of the Bavarian archives the main archives are at Munich, others are at Amberg, Bamberg, Coburg, Landshut, Neuburg a.d.D., Nuremberg, and Würzburg. The archives of Hessen are at Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, and Marburg. The archives of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen) are at Hanover, Aurich, Bückeburg, Oldenburg, Osnabrück, Stade, and Wolfenbüttel. The archives of North Rhine-Westphalia (Nordrhein-Westfalen) are at Düsseldorf, Detmold, and Münster. The archives of the Rhineland-Palatinate (Rheinland-Pfalz) are at Koblenz and Speyer, those of Schleswig-Holstein are at Schloss Gottorf in Schleswig; there are also the state archives at Hamburg and Bremen, and the Landesarchiv of Berlin.

3 Conway, J. S., German Source Material in the U.S. Universities (Pittsburgh, 1973).Google Scholar There does not seem to be a comprehensive list of owners and depositories of microfilms of German documents captured as a result of World War II; for a list of owners and depositories of microfilms of pre-1920 foreign ministry documents, see A Catalogue of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1867–1920 (Oxford, 1959), pp. xl–xlii.Google Scholar

4 Among the better known studies are the following: Wheeler-Bennett, J. W., The Nemesis of Power (London, 1954)Google Scholar; Bracher, K. D., Die Auflōsung der Weimarer Republik (Stuttgart, 1957)Google Scholar, and The German Dictatorship (New York, 1970); Bullock, A., Hitler: A Study in Tyranny (London, 1952)Google Scholar; Deakin, F. W., The Brutal Friendship: Mussolini, Hitler, and the Fall of Italian Fascism (New York, 1962)Google Scholar; Jacobsen, H.-A., Nationalsozialistische Aussenpolitik (Frankfurt a.M., 1968)Google Scholar; Orlow, D., The History of the Nazi Party, 2 vols. (Pittsburgh, 1969-1973)Google Scholar; Rich, N., Hitler's War Aims: Ideology, the Nazi State and the Course of Expansion, 2 vols. (New York, 1973)Google Scholar; Weinberg, G., Germany and the Soviet Union 1939–41 (Leiden, 1954), and The Foreign Policy of Hitler's Germany, 1: Diplomatic Revolution in Europe, 1933–36 (Chicago, 1970).Google Scholar

5 It is interesting to compare the various “new looks” at modern German history which have appeared over the last twenty years. Kohn, H., ed., German History: Some New German Views (Boston, 1954)Google Scholar; Herzfeld, H., “Germany After the Catastrophe,” Journal of Contemporary History 2, no. 1 (Jan. 1967): 79–91CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barraclough, G., series in the New York Review, Oct. 19, Nov. 2, Nov. 16, 1972Google Scholar; Conze, W., “Die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft seit 1945: Bedingungen und Ergebnisse,” Historische Zeitschrift 225, no. 1 (Aug. 1977): 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar As to changes in recent German historical scholarship, see Iggers, G. G., New Directions in European Historiography (Middletown, Conn., 1975)Google Scholar, especially chap. 3.

6 A beginning has been made in such studies as Allen, W. S., The Nazi Seizure of Power (London, 1966)Google Scholar, Heyen, F.J., Nationalsozialismus im Alltag (Boppard, 1967)Google Scholar, Kuczynski, J.'s Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter in Deutschland von 1789 bis 1945, vols. 1–6 of Die Geschichte der Lage der Arbeiter unter dem Kapitalismus (Berlin, 1961-1964)Google Scholar, and Mason, T. W., Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft (Opladen, 1975)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also, Mayer, A. J., “The Lower Middle Classes as Historical Problem,” Journal of Modern History (JMH) 47, no. 3 (Sept. 1975): 409–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Here too a promising beginning has been made; see, for instance, Wunderlich, F., Farm Labor in Germany 1810–1945 (Princeton, 1961).CrossRefGoogle ScholarKnodel, J., “Law, Marriage, and Illegitimacy in 19th Century Germany,” Population Studies 20 (1967): 279–94CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and idem, “Infant Mortality and Fertility in three Bavarian Villages: An Analysis of Family Histories from the 19th century,” ibid. 22 (1968): 297–318. McIntyre, J., “Women and the Professions in Germany 1930–40” in Nicholls, A. and Matthias, E., eds., German Democracy and the Triumph of Hitler (London, 1971).Google ScholarDokumente der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung zur Frauenfrage 1848–1974, Autorenkollektiv, Von Einem (Leipzig, 1975)Google Scholar, Lasch, C., “The Family and History,” New York Review, Nov. 13, 1975, pp. 33–38.Google ScholarScott, J. W. and Tilly, L. A., “Women's Work and the Family in 19th Century Europe,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jan. 1975): 36–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarEvans, R. J., “German Women and the Triumph of Hitler,” JMH 48, no. 1 (Mar. 1976)Google Scholar; idem, “Feminism and Female Emancipation in Germany 1870–1945: Sources, Methods and Problems of Research,” Central European History (CEH) 9, no. 4 (Dec. 1976): 323–51. Harris, B. J., “Recent Works on the History of the Family: A Review Article,” Feminist Studies 3 (Spring/Summer 1976): 159–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPeterson, B., “The Politics of Working-Class Women in the Weimar Republic,” CEH 10, no. 2 (June 1977): 87–111.Google ScholarStephenson, J., Women in Nazi Society (New York, 1975).Google Scholar

8 Sheehan, J. J., “Quantification in the Study of Modern German Social and Political History,” in Lorwin, V. R. and Price, J. M., eds., The Dimensions of the Past: Materials, Problems, and Opportunities for Quantitative Work in History (New Haven, 1972), pp. 301–31Google Scholar, is an outstanding introduction to the field. See also Ludz, P. C., ed., Soziologie und Sozialgeschichte (Opladen, 1972).CrossRefGoogle ScholarDouglas, D. M., “The Parent Cell: Some Computer Notes on the Composition of the First Nazi Party Group in Munich 1919–21,” CEH 10, no. 1 (Mar. 1977): 55–72.Google ScholarSchumacher, M., Wahlen und Abstimmungen 1918–33: Eine Bibliographie zur Statistik und Analyse der politischen Wahlen in der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1976).Google ScholarBest, H. and Mann, R., eds., Quantitative Methoden in der historisch soziahvissenschaftlichen Forschung (Stuttgart, 1977).Google Scholar

9 Bludau, K., Widerstand und Verfolgung in Duisburg 1933–45 (Duisburg, 1973)Google Scholar; Hambrecht, R., Der Aufstieg der NSDAP in Mittel- und Oberfrankat 1925–33 (Nuremberg, 1976)Google Scholar; Boberach, H., ed., Meldungen aus dem Reich (Neuwied-Berlin, 1965)Google Scholar; Bauer, Y., “‘Onkel Saly’—Die Verhandlungen des Saly Mayer zur Rettung der Juden 1944/45,” Vierteljahrshefte für Zeitgeschichte (VfZ) 25, no. 2 (Apr. 1977): 188–219.Google Scholar For the resistance of the churches to the Nazi regime, see below, at nn. 61ff.

10 Such as Rudé, G., The Crowd in History 1730–1848: A Study of Popular Disturbances in France and England (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Horn, W., Führerideologie und Parteiorganisation in der NSDAP 1919–33 (Düsseldorf, 1972)Google Scholar; Mosse, G. L., The Nationalization of the Masses: Political Symbolism and Mass Movement in Germany from the Napoleonic Wars through the Third Reich (New York, 1975).Google Scholar Something like Tilley, R.'s “Popular Disorders in 19th Century Germany: A Preliminary Survey,” Journal of Social History 4, no. 1 (Fall 1970): 1–40CrossRefGoogle Scholar, should be attempted for the twentieth century. See also some of the entries in n. 21.

11 Winkler, H.-A., Mittelstand, Demokratie und Nationalsozialismus (Cologne, 1972).Google ScholarTeuteberg, H. J. and Wiegelmann, G., Der Wandel der Nahrungsgewohnheiten unter dem Einfluss der Industrialisierung (Göttingen, 1972).Google ScholarJones, L. E., “Between the Fronts: The German National Union of Commercial Employees from 1928 to 1933,” JMH 48, no. 3 (Sept. 1976): 462–82Google Scholar; idem, “Sammlung order Zersplitterung? Die Bestrebungen zur Bildung einer neuen Mittelpartei in der Endphase der Weimarer Republik 1930–33,” VfZ 25, no. 3 (July 1977): 265–304; idem, “ ‘The Dying Middle’: Weimar Germany and the Fragmentation of Bourgeois Politics,” CEH 5, no. 1 (Mar. 1972): 23–54. Steiner, J. M., Power Politics and Social Change in National Socialist Germany: A Process of Escalation into Mass Destruction (The Hague, 1976).Google ScholarSpeier, H., Die Angestellen vor dan Nationalsozialismus: Ein Beitrag zum Verständnis der deutschen Sozialstruktur 1918–1933 (Göttingen, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

12 On the former, see Köllmann, W., “Zur Bevölkerungsentwicklung ausgewählter deutscher Grosstädte in der Hochindustrialisierungsperiode,” in Kiellmann, W. and Marschalck, P., Bevölkerungsgeschichte (Cologne, 1972), pp. 259–74; on the latter, see H.-U. Wehler, “Die Polen im Ruhrgebiet bis 1918,” andGoogle ScholarLinde, Hans, “Die soziale Problematik der masurischen Agrargesellschaft und die masurische Einwanderung in das Emscherrevier,” in Wehler, , ed., Moderne Deutsche Sozialgeschichte (Cologne, 1968)Google Scholar, dealing primarily with developments prior to 1918. On the general topic, see Kocka, J., “Theoretical Approaches to Social and Economic History of Modern Germany: Recent Trends, Concepts, and Problems in Western and Eastern Germany,” JMH 47, no. 1 (Mar. 1975): 101–19.Google Scholar See also the forthcoming study by J. W. Cole and E. R. Wolfe, The Hidden Frontier, Ecology and Ethnicity in an Alpine Valley.

13 Good examples are Fussel, P., The Great War in Modern History (New York, 1975)Google Scholar, and Prüller, W., The Diary of a German Soldier (London, 1963).Google Scholar For a listing of some of the archives, see below, n. 69.

14 New biographies of Papen and Röhm would be cases in point.

15 Mommsen, W., Verzeichnis der schriflichen Nachlāsse in deutschen Archiven (Boppard, 1971)Google Scholar; Denecke, L., Die Nachlässe in den Bibliotheken der Bundesrepublik Deutschland (Boppard, 1969).Google Scholar

16 The Bundesarchiv and the Historische Kommission der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissensehaften are cooperating in editing the files of the Reich Chancellery for the Weimar Republic: Akten der Reichkanzlei: Weimarer Republik (Boppard, 1968– ).

17 See also by Luther, , Ztuammenbruch und Jahre nach dem ersten Krieg in Essen (Essen, 1958)Google Scholar; Politiker ohne Partei: Erinnerungen (Stuttgart, 1960); Vor dan Abgrund, 1930–37: Reichbankprāsident in Krisenzeiten (Berlin, 1964).

18 See also by Pünder, , Politik in der Reichskanzlei: Aufzeichnungen 1929–32, ed. Thilo, Vogelsang (Stuttgart, 1961)Google Scholar; Von Preussen nach Europa: Lebenserinnenmgen (Stuttgart 1968).

19 The official Frank diary, thirty-eight volumes, for the period of the German occupation of Poland, is on microfilm in the National Archives in Washington; the original is in Poland.

20 See also Jacobsen, H.-A., Hans Steinacher, Bundesleiter des VDA 1933–37: Erinnerungen und Dokumente (Boppard, 1970).Google Scholar

21 Psychohistory seems to be a fruitful new field in German history. The studies of Peter Loewenberg, Robert G. L. Waite, and Rudolf Binion point in new directions. Loewenberg, P., “The Psychohistorical Origins of the Nazi Youth Cohorts,” American Historical Review 76, no. 5 (Dec, 1971): 1457–1502CrossRefGoogle Scholar; idem, “The Unsuccessful Adolescence of Heinrich Himmler,” ibid. 76, no. 3 (June 1971): 612–41; idem, “Psychohistorical Perspectives on Modern German History,” JMH 47, no. 2 (June 1975): 229–79. Waite, R. G. L., “Adolf Hitler's Antisemitism: A Study in History and Psychoanalysis,” in Wolman, B. B., ed., The Psychoanalytic Interpretation of History (New York, 1971)Google Scholar; idem, The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler (New York, 1977). Binion, R., “Hitler's Concept of Lebensraum: The Psychological Basis,” History of Childhood Quarterly, 1, no. 2 (Fall 1973): 187–215Google Scholar; idem, Hitler among the Germans (New York, 1976). Kren, G. and Rappoport, L., “SS Atrocities,” History of Childhood Quarterly 3, no. 1 (Summer 1975): 130–37.Google ScholarDicks, H. V., Licensed Mass Murder: A Socio-Psychological Study of Some SS Killers (New York, 1972).Google ScholarMiale, F. R. and Selzer, M., The Nuremberg Mind: The Psychology of the Nazi Leaders (New York, 1975).Google ScholarKoenigsberg, R. A., Hitler's Ideology: A Study in Psychoanalytic Sociology (New York, 1975)Google Scholar; idem, “Culture and Unconscious Phantasy: Observations on Nazi Germany,” Psychoanalytic Review, 1968/69, pp. 681–96. A. and Mitscherlich, M., The Inability to Mourn: Principles of Collective Behaviour (New York, 1975).Google ScholarSelzer, M., “The Study of Nazi Psychology: A Review Essay,” Journal of Psychohistory 4, no. 1 (Summer 1976): 93–100Google Scholar; idem, “Psychohistorical Approaches to the Study of Nazism,” ibid. 4, no. 2 (Fall 1976): 215–30. Stierlin, H., Adolf Hitler: A Family Perspective (New York, 1977).Google Scholar

22 Booms and Boberach, pp. 167ff. For a description of the military archives, see Herwig, H. H., “An Introduction to Military Archives in West Germany,” Military Affairs 34, no. 4 (Dec. 1972): 121–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar; for the naval collection, C. Burdick, “The Tambach Archives—A Research Note,” ibid., pp. 124–26.

23 See also Schulze-Wilde, H., Rosa Luxemburg: Ich war, ich bin, ich werde sein (Vienna, 1970).Google Scholar

24 Der Archivar 26, no. 3 (July 1973): 507–10; Zeitschrift für Württembergische Landesgeschichte 32, no. 1 (1973): 214–39.

25 See also Huch, Ricarda, Briefe an die Freunde (Tübingen, 1955).Google Scholar

26 See also Zweig, Stefan, Unbekannte Briefe aus der Emigration an eine Freundin, ed. Selden-Goth, G. (Vienna, 1964)Google Scholar; Die Welt von Gestem: Erinnerungen eines Europärs (Frankfurt, 1970); Briefwechsel zwischen Richard Strauss und Stefan Zweig, ed. Schuh, W. (Frankfurt, 1957). Some of the Zweig papers are in the University of Jerusalem.Google Scholar

27 At the occasion of the centennial year of Thomas Mann's birth, the following publications appeared: Mann, Katia, Unwritten Memoirs (New York, 1975)Google Scholar; The Hesse-Mann Letters (New York, 1975); An Exceptional Friendship: The Correspondence of Thomas Mann and Erich Kahler (Ithaca, 1975); Mythology and Humanism: The Correspondence of Thomas Mann and Karl Kerenyi (Ithaca, 1975). See also , E. N. and Anderson, P. R., “Thomas Mann's ‘Dr. Faustus’ and Social Biography,” in Wehler, H.-U., ed., Sozialgeschichte Heute: Festschrift für Hans Rosenberg (Göttingen, 1974), pp. 611–34.Google Scholar For material in the archives of the German Democratic Republic, see below, at n. 104.

28 Schiller Nationalmuseum, Jahrbuch, 1: 312–75.

29 The former has some of the papers of Grosz, Georg, Feuchtwanger, Lion, Kaiser, Georg, Von Molo, Walter, and Reinhardt, Max. Der Archivar 25, no. 4 (Nov. 1972): 393–98.Google Scholar The latter holds a large collection of holograph manuscripts and about 420 Nachlässe. Ibid. 26, no. 3 (July 1973): 567–69. The papers of prominent religious leaders, of businessmen and industrialists can be found in the archives listed immediately below. See also Benz, pp. 101–10.

30 Hamerow, T. S., Restoration, Revolution, Reaction: Economics and Politics in Germany 1815–71 (Princeton, 1958)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abel, W., “Preis-, Lohn- und Agrargeschichte,” in Wege und Forschungen der Agrargeschichte: Festschrift für Günther Franz (Frankfurt, 1967)Google Scholar; Kaelble, H., Berliner Untemehmer während der Frühen Industrialisierung (Berlin, 1972)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Barkin, K. D., The Controversy over German Industrialization 1890–1902 (Chicago, 1970)Google Scholar; Winkler, H.-A., Mittelstand, Demokratie und Nationalsozialismus: Die politische Entwkkhing von Handel und Kleinhandel in der Weimarer Republik (Cologne, 1972)Google Scholar; P. C. Witt, “Finanzpolitik und sozialer Wandel: Wachstum und Funktionswandel der Staatsausgaben in Deutschland 1891–1933,” in Wehler, ed., Sozialgeschichte Heute, pp. 565–74. Feldman, G. D., “The Social and Economic Policies of German Big Business 1918–29,” American Historical Review 75, no. 1 (Oct. 1969): 47–55.CrossRefGoogle ScholarGessner, D., Agrarverbände in der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1976).Google ScholarKrohn, C. D., Stabilisierung und ökonomische Interessen: Die Finanzpolitik des Deutschen Reiches 1923–27 (Düsseldorf, 1974).Google ScholarMaurer, I., Reichsfinanzen und Grosse Koalition: Zur Geschichte des Reichskabinetts Müller (1928–30) (Bern, 1973).Google ScholarVarain, H. J., ed., Interessenverbsände in Deutschland (Cologne, 1973).Google ScholarWulf, P., “Die Auseinandersetzung um die Sozialisierung der Kohle in Deutschland 1920/21” VfZ 25, no. 1 (Jan. 1977): 46–98.Google Scholar An interesting controversy developed over Turner, H. A., “Big Business and the Rise of Hitler” American Historical Review 75, no. 1 (Oct. 1969): 56–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar See, in this connection, E. Nolte, “Big Business and German Politics: A Comment” ibid., pp. 71–78. Hallgarten, G. and Radkau, J., Deutsche Industrie und Politik von Bismarck bis Heute (Cologne, 1974)Google Scholar, and Barkin, K. D.'s review in the JMH 49, no. 3 (Sept. 1977): 512–16.Google ScholarTurner, H. A., Faschismus und Kapitalismus (Göttingen, 1972).Google Scholar Idem, “Grossunternehmcrtutn und Nationalsozialismus 1930–33: Kritisches und Ergänzendes zu zwei neuen Forschungsbeiträgen” Historische Zcitschrift 221, no. 1 (1975): 18–68. Stegmann, D., “Zum Verhältnis von Grossindustrie und Nationalsozialismus 1930–33: Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der sogenannten Machtergrcifung,” Archivfür Sozialgcschichte 13 (1973): 399–482.Google Scholar

31 Booms and Boberach, pp. 75ff.

32 For a listing see Minerva Archive, 2: 1218–23. See also Mommsen, H., Petzina, D., and Weisbrot, B., eds., Industrietks System und Politische Entwickhng in der Weimarer Republik (Düsseldorf, 1974)Google Scholar, and Benz, pp. 92–101.

33 A listing by the Krupp archivist shows the following main categories: Family Krupp, Cast-Steel Factory, Relations to Suppliers and Customers, Workers, Welfare and Social Institutions, Visitors, Exhibitions, Statistics, Press Relations, Name Index, Miscellaneous. Under Cast-Steel Factory there are the following subsections: Finished Goods, Peace and War Materials, Inventions and Patents, Firing Ranges, Experiments, Evaluation and Finished Products. Der Archivar 13, nos. 2–3 (July 1960): 305–18.

34 In addition to the files on production, sales, and inventions, the Siemens archive has a collection of reminiscences of senior employees and key officials. Ibid., pp. 317–26.

35 Kocka, J., Untemehmensvenvaltung und Angestelltenschaft am Beispiel Siemens 1847–1914 (Stuttgart, 1969).Google Scholar

36 Minerva Archive, 2: 738.

37 Der Archivar 13, nos. 2–3 (July 1960): 301–2; Minerva Archive, 1: 516–17.

38 Ibid., p. 209; Der Archivar 13, nos. 2–3 (July 1960): 303–6.

39 Ibid. 22, no. 3 (July 1969): 310–12; Minerva Archive, 1: 488–89.

40 Ibid., pp. 399–400; Der Archivar 13, nos. 2–3 (July 1960): 291–300.

41 Adelmann, G., ed., Quellensammhmg zur Geschichte der sozialen Betriebsverfassung: Die Ruhrindustrie unter besonderer Berücksichtigung des Industrie- und Handelskammerbezirks Essen (Bonn, 1965)Google Scholar; Elsas, M. J., Umriss einer Geschichte der Preise und Löhne in Detitschland, 2 vols. (Leiden, 1949)Google Scholar; Seidel, H., Streikkämpfe der mitte- und ostdetitschcn Braunkohlcnbergarbeiler von 1890 bis 1914 (Leipzig, 1964).Google Scholar Useful periodicals areArchiv und Wirtschafi, Mitteilungsblütter für das Archivwcscn der Wirtschaft, published by the association of German company and economic archivists (Vereinigung deutscher Werks- und Wirtschaftsarchivare), Wirtschaft und Statistik, published by the Federal Statistical Bureau (Statistisches Bundesamt), the Schriften of the Society for Economic and Social Sciences (Gesellschaftjtir Wirtschafts- und Sozialgeschichte) in Marburg, and the various publications of the German Institute for Economic Research (Deutsches Institut für Wirtschaftsforschung) in Berlin.

42 Keyser, E., “Erforschung und Darstellung der Deutschen Stadtgeschichte 1945–65,” in Aubin, H., Beiträge zur Wirtschafts- und Stadtgeschichte: Festschrift für Hektor Ammann (Wiesbaden, 1965), pp. 3–28.Google Scholar

43 For an excellent account of the current status of urban history in Germany, see Pfeil, E., Grosstadtforschung: Entwicklung und Gegenwärtiger Stand, 2nd ed. (Hanover, 1972)Google Scholar; also Walter, F., Schicksale einer deutschen Stadt: Geschichte Mannheims 1907–1945, 2 vols. (Frankfurt, 1949–50).Google Scholar

44 Minerva Archive, 2: 1147ff.

45 Gay, P., Weimar Culture (New York, 1968)Google Scholar; Laqueur, W., Weimar: A Cultural History 1918–33 (New York, 1974)Google Scholar; Mosse, G. L., Nazi Culture (New York, 1966).Google Scholar

46 Werner, K. F., Das NS Geschichtsbild und die deutsche Geschichtswissenschaft (Stuttgart, 1967)Google Scholar; idem, “Die deutsche Historiographie unter Hitler,” in Faulenbach, B., ed., Geschichtswissenschaft in Deutschland (München, 1974), pp. 86–96.Google ScholarHeiber, H., Walter Frank und sein Reichsinstitut für Geschichte des neuen Deutschlands (Stuttgart, 1966).Google ScholarSchleier, H., Die bürgerliche deutsche Geschichtsschreibung der Weimarer Republik (Berlin, 1975).Google Scholar

47 Ringer, F. K., The Decline of the German Mandarins: The German Academic Community 1890–1933 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969).Google Scholarvon Ferber, C., Die Entwicklung des Lehrkörpers der deutschen Universitäten und Hochschulen 1864–1954, vol. 3 of Plessner, H., ed., Untersuchungen zur Lage der deutschen Hochschullehrer (Göttingen, 1956).Google ScholarZorn, W., “Hochschule und höhere Schule in der deutschen Sozialgeschichte der Neuzcit” in Repgen, K., ed., Spiegel der Geschichte: Festschrift für Max Braubach (Aschaffendorf, 1964), pp. 321–39.Google ScholarKater, M. H., Studentenschaft und Rechtsradikalismus in Deutschland 1918–33 (Hamburg, 1975).Google ScholarWilley, T. E., “Liberal Historians and the German Professoriat: A Consideration of Some Recent Books on German Thought” CEH, 9 no. 2 (June 1976): 184–97.Google ScholarAdam, U. D., Hochschule und Nationalsozialismus: Die Universität Tübingen im Dritten Reich (Tübingen, 1977).Google Scholar American historians interested in this subject should encounter no difficulties in finding adequate material among the many books and articles published in the wake of the disturbances of the 1960s and early 1970s.

48 Booms and Boberach, p. 63.

49 Ibid., pp. 142, 160–63. See below, at n. 104. Other collections can be found in state, local, and university archives; for a listing, see Minerva Archive, 2: 1211–13.

50 Der Archivar 25, no. 4 (Nov. 1972): 393–98.

51 Minerva Archive, 2: 1126.

52 Boelcke, W. A., “Das ‘Seehaus’ in Berlin-Wannsee. Zur Geschichte des deutschen ‘Monitoring Service’ während des Zweiten Weltkrieges” Jahrbuch für die Geschichte Mittel und Ostdeutschlands, 23 (1974): 231–69.Google Scholar The files of the Reichsrndfunkgesellschaft, record group R 78, are in the Bundesarchiv. See also Benz, pp. 110–20.

53 Booms and Boberach, pp. 63–68; see also, Hale, O. J., The Captive Press in the Third Reich (Princeton, 1964), pp. 327ff.Google Scholar

54 There are several books on this famous publishing house: 50 Jahre Ullstein 1877–1927 (Berlin, 1927); Ullstein, H., The Rise and Fall of the House of Ullstein (New York, 1943).Google ScholarEksteins, M., The Limits of Reason: The German Democratic Press and the Collapse of Weimar Democracy (Oxford, 1975).Google Scholar

55 Der Archivar 23, no. 4 (Nov. 1970): 349–56; ibid. 18, no. 1 (Feb. 1965): 33–38. For a listing of Press, Radio, Movie, and Theater Archives, see Minerva Archive, 2: 1216–17.

56 Ibid., 1: 191.

57 Der Archivar 17, nos. 2–3 (May 1964): 293–95.

58 Ibid. 22, no. 3 (July 1969): 283–90. The Geheime Staatsarchiv at Berlin-Dahlem is now part of the Stiftung Preussischer Kulturbesitz, a state supported foundation consisting of archives, libraries, museums, and research institutions preserving materials and supporting the study of Prussian history and culture. The Staatsarchiv, the successor of the former Preussische Geheime Staatsarchiv, contains, in addition to those collections that survived World War II, church records from East and West Prussia, genealogical collections, newspapers, pamphlets, and other contemporary materials from the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Ibid. 28, no. 2 (May 1975): 143–52; Minerva Archive, 1: 72–75.

59 Der Archivar 23, nos. 2–3 (July 1970): 264. Stachura, P. D., Nazi Youth in the Weimar Republic (Santa Barbara, 1976).Google Scholar

60 Roeder, W., “Die Dokumentation zur Emigration 1933–45” Internationale Wissenschaftliche Korrespondenz zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeitcrbewegung 11, no. 12 (1971): 54–57Google Scholar, henceforth cited IWK.

61 Veröffentlichungen der Kommission für Zeitgeschichte bei der Katholischen Akademie in Bayern. These include the following volumes from Series A, Quellen: vol. 9, Morsey, Rudolf, Die Protokolle der Reichstagsfraktion und des Fraktionsvorstands der Deutschen Zentrumspartei 1926–1933 (Mainz, 1969)Google Scholar; vol. 15, Muckermann, Friedrich, Im Kampf zwischen zwei Epochen, Lebenserinnenmgen, ed. and intro. Nikolaus, Junk (1973)Google Scholar; vol. 17, Volk, Ludwig, Akten Kardinal Michael von Faulhabers 1917–1945, 2 vols. (1975–78)Google Scholar; vol. 18, Schauff, Johannes, Das Wahlverhalten der deutschen Katholiken im Kaiserreich und in der Weimarer Republik (1975)Google Scholar; vol. 19, Mockenhaupt, Hubert, Grundlinien katholischer Sozialpolitik im 20. Jahrhundert: Ausgewählte Aufsätze und Reden von Heinrich Brauns (1976)Google Scholar: vol. 20, Stasiewski, B., Akten deutscher Bischöfe iiber die Lage der Kirche 1933–45, 2: 1934–35 (1976)Google Scholar; vol. 23, Morsey, R., ed., Josef Hofmann, Journalist in Republik, Diktatur und Besatzungszeit: Erinnerungen 1916–47 (1977)Google Scholar; vol. 24, Prantl, H., Die kirchliche Lage in Bayern nach den Regierungspräsidentenberichten 1933–43, 5: Regienmgsbezirk Pfalz 1933–40 (1978)Google Scholar; and from Series B, Forschungen: vol. 1, Volk, Ludwig, Der Bayerische Episkopat und der Nationalsozialismus 1930–1934 (1965, 2nd ed. 1966)Google Scholar; vol. 4, Golombek, Dieter, Die politische Vorgeschichte des Preussenkonkordats (1929) (1970)Google Scholar; vol. 5, Volk, Ludwig, Das Reichskonkordat vom 2O. Juli 1933: Von den Ansätzen in der Weimarer Republik bis zur Ratifizierung am 10. September 1933 (1972)Google Scholar; vol. 11, Hurten, Heinz, Waldemar Gurian: Ein Zeuge der Krise unserer Welt in der ersten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts (1972)Google Scholar; vol. 16, Wachtling, Oswald, Joseph Joos—Journalist, Arbeiterführer, Zentrumspolitiker: Politische Biographie 1878–1933 (1947)Google Scholar; vol. 17, Schellenberger, Barbara, Katholische Jugend und Drittes Reich (1975)Google Scholar; vol. 18, Küppers, Heinrich, Der Katholische Lehrerverband in der Übergangszeit von der Weimarer Republik zur Hitlerdiktatur: Zugleich ein Beitrag zur Geschichte da Volksschullehrerstandes (1975)Google Scholar; vol. 22, Baumgärtner, R., Weltanschauungskampf im Dritten Reich: Die Auseinandersetzung der Kirchen mit Alfred Rosenberg (1977)Google Scholar; vol. 23, Von Hehl, U., Katholische Kirche und Nationalsozialismus in Erzbistum Koln 1933–45 (1977).Google Scholar

62 Conway, J. S., The Nazi Persecution of the Churches 1933–45 (New York, 1968)Google Scholar; Lewy, G., The Catholic Church and Nazi Germany (New York, 1964)Google Scholar; Zipfel, F., Kirchenkampf in Deutschland (Berlin, 1965).Google Scholar The publications of the Catholic Academy of Bavaria listed in n. 61 are being continued, since 1973, by the Commission for Contemporary History at Bonn. The council of the Evangelical Church in Germany established in 1955 the Commission for the History of the Church Struggle in the National Socialist period; one of its major documentary collections is Hermelinck, H., ed., Kirche im Kampf: Dokumente des Widerstands und des Aufbaus in der Evangelischen Kirche Deutschlands von 1933–1945 (Tübingen, 1950)Google Scholar; another publication is Arbeiten zur Geschichte des Kirchenkampfes: Gesammelte Aufsätze. (Göttingen, 1965– ), of which over twenty-six volumes have been published so far. See also Chadwick, O., “The Present Stage of the ‘Kirchenkampf Enquiry’” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24, no. 1 (Jan. 1973): 33–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

63 Burger, A., Religionszugehörigkeit und soziales Verhalten (Göttingen, 1964).Google ScholarSchäfer, D. G., Die Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg und der Nationalsozialismus (Stuttgart, 1971).Google Scholar O. Chadwick, op. cit., p. 50. Siegele-Wenschkewitz, L., Nationalsozialismus und Kirchen: Religionspolitik von Partei und Staat bis 1935 (Düsseldorf, 1974).Google Scholar

64 A great part of the files of the Prussian Ministry for Culture and of the Reich Ministry for Ecclesiastical Affairs was destroyed or lost during World War II; what was left is in the Deutsche Zentralarchiv in Potsdam. The Bundesarchiv has only two bundles for the whole period 1935–39 (Booms and Boberach, p. 65).

65 Der Archivar 27, no. 3 (July 1974): 384; Minerva Archive, 2: 932.

66 Ibid., 1: 77–79.

67 See, in this connection, the description of sources in the pertinent volumes of the Catholic Academy of Bavaria and the Commission for Contemporary History, respectively.

68 Der Archivar 22, no. 2 (May 1969): 151–58. For details and location of other church archives, see Minerva Archive, 2: 1175ff.

69 See “Aufbau und Organisation des staatlichen Archivwesens in den Ländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland,” Der Archivar 13, nos. 2–3 (July 1960): 219–70, and the listings of private archives in Minerva Archive.

70 Some of the more important printed reference works are, Jahrbuch des Reichsamts für Statistik; Keyser, E., ed., Bibliographie zur Städtegeschichte Deutschlands (Cologne, 1969)Google Scholar; Oberschelp, R., Die Bibliographien zur deutschen Landesgeschichte und Landeskunde im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt, 1963).Google Scholar A fine example of a significant regional study is Heberle, R., Landbevölkerung und Nationalsozialismus: Eine soziologische Untersuchung der politischen Willensbildung in Schleswig-Holstein 1918–32 (Stuttgart, 1963)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; see also Maschke, E., “Landesgeschichtsschreibung und Historische Vereine,” Württemberg Franken 58 (1974): 17–34.Google Scholar

71 Köllman, W., comp., Bevölkerungsgeschichte (Cologne, 1972)Google Scholar; idem, “Grundzüge der Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert,” Studium Generale 12 (1959): 391–92.

72 Booms and Boberach, p. 143.

73 Der Archivar 26, no. 3 (July 1973): 415–42; for a listing of communal archives, see Minerva Archive, 2: 1152–75.

74 It is impossible to list all the significant recent studies for the period; following are some random examples: Bariéty, J., Les relations franco-allemandes après la première guerre mondiale (Paris, 1977)Google Scholar; Emmerson, J. T., The Rhineland Crisis, 7 March 1936: A Study in Multilateral Diplomacy (Ames, Iowa, 1977)Google Scholar; Mason, T. W., Sozialpolitik im Dritten Reich: Arbeiterklasse und Volksgemeinschaft (Opladen, 1977).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

75 Matthias, E. and Morsey, R., eds., Die Regierung des Prinzen Max von Baden (Düsseldorf, 1962)Google Scholar, and by the same authors, Der Interfraktionelle Ausschuss 1917/18, 2 vols. (Düsseldorf, 1952), and others.

76 See, among others, Thomas, G., Geschichte der Deutschen Wehr- und Rüstungswirtschaft 1918–1943/45 (Boppard, 1966)Google Scholar, and Vogt, M., Die Entstehung des Young Plans (Boppard, 1970).Google Scholar

77 Wolfe, R., ed., Captured German and Related Documents (Athens, Ohio, 1974)Google Scholar; Conway, J. S., German Source Material in the U.S. Universities (Pittsburgh, 1973)Google Scholar; Boberach, H., “Schriftgut der staatlichen Verwaltung, der Wehrmacht, und der NSDAP aus der Zeit von 1933–45,” Der Archivar 22, no. 2 (May 1969): 132–52Google Scholar; Weinberg, G. L., ed., Guide to Captured German Documents (Maxwell AFB, Ala., 1952)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Supplement (Washington, 1959); Heinz, G. and Peterson, A. F., eds., NSDAP Hauptarchiv Guide to the Hoover Institute Microfilm Collection (Stanford, 1964)Google Scholar; Guide to German Records Microfilmed at Alexandria, Va. (Washington 1958– ), of which seventy-five volumes have appeared so far.

78 The Nuremberg trial records are dispersed over many depositories. The Staatsarchiv Nümberg has probably the most extensive collection (Puchner, O., “Der Bestand ‘Nümberger Prozesse’ im Staatsarchiv Nümberg,” Wehrwissenschaftliche Rundschau 6 [1953]: 93Google Scholar). The Institute for Contemporary History at Munich, together with the Institute for International Law at the University of Göttingen and the Westfälisches Wirtschaftsarchiv at Dortmund, produced a card index for some of the prosecution records. Professor Hans G. Seraphim of the University of Göttingen compiled an index to the Flick, Krauch, Ohlendorf, Weizsäcker, and Leeb cases. Major collections of Nuremberg records are in the National Archives and in the Library of Congress in Washington, in various universities in the United States, and in archives, libraries, and research institutions all over the world (Mendelsohn, J., “Trial by Document: The use of Seized Records in the US Proceedings at Nürnberg,” unpublished ph.d. diss., University of Maryland, College Park, 1974, pp. 138ff.Google Scholar and Appendix XI).

79 Kent, G. O., ed., A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives 1920–45, 4 vols. (Stanford, 1962–1972).Google Scholar

80 Booms and Boberach, pp. 105–51.

81 For a listing see Minerva Archive, 2: 1214, 1224–47; Benz, pp. 34–45.

82 Der Archivar 20, no. 4 (Nov. 1967): 375–82.

83 Ibid. 26, no. 3 (May 1973): 295–308; Benz, 30–34.

84 On the publication of the Reich Chancellery papers, see n. 16 above.

85 Booms and Boberach, pp. 45ff. Some of these have been microfilmed: Stellvertreter des Reichskanzlers (Vizekanzler v. Papen); Persönliche Adjutantur des Führers und Reichskanzlers; Nachlass Bauer; Nachlass Koch-Weser; Nachlass Gothein.

86 See, however, Pridham, G., Hitler's Rise to Power: The Nazi Movement in Bavaria 1923–33 (New York, 1973)Google Scholar, as an example of a study based primarily on state and regional archives.

87 Most of the files of the various provincial diets are, as far as they escaped destruction, in the pertinent state archives; those of Bavaria were taken over by the Bavarian, Landtagsarchiv. Der Archiuar 20, no. 2 (May 1967): 149–54.Google Scholar

88 Witetschek, H., “Die Bayerischen Regierungsprasidentenberichte 1933–1943 als Geschichtsquelle” Historisches Jahrbuch 87, no. 2 (1967): 355–72.Google Scholar See also Heyen, F. J., Nationalsozialismus im Alltag: Quellen zur Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus vornehmlich im Raum Mainz-Koblenz-Trier (Boppard, 1967)Google Scholar, a documentary collection taken from regional, party, state, provincial, and municipal archives.

89 Der Archivar 22, no. 1 (Feb. 1969): 57–60. The bulk of the collection is in the Manuscript Division of the Library of Congress; some files are in the Bundesarchiv. see Weinberg, G. L., Guide to Captured German Documents (Maxwell AFB, Ala., 1952), pp. 53–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar, and Supplement (Washington, 1959), pp. 26–29. For the location and depositories of the papers of Liebknecht, Luxemburg, Zetkin, and others, see n. 100.

90 Der Archivar 20, no. 2 (May 1967): 183–86; ibid. 22, no. 2 (May 1969): 177–92. On the Jewish Question in Germany, see the Year Books of the Leo Baeck Institute, New York, especially vols. 13 (1968), 16 (1971). 18 (1973). 19 (i974). 20 (1975). 21 (1976), and 22 (1977), and the extensive literature on the Holocaust, as exemplified by Fleiscshner, E., ed., Auschwitz, beginning of a new era? Reflections on the Holocaust: Papers given at the International Symposium on the Holocaust, New York City, June 3–6, 1974 (New York, 1977)Google Scholar; Littell, F. H., ed., The German Church Struggle and the Holocaust: First International Scholars' Conference, Wayne State University, 1970 (Detroit, 1974)Google Scholar; Hilberg, R., comp., Documents of Destruction: Germany and Jewry, 1933–1945 (Chicago, 1971)Google Scholar; Drobisch, K., Juden unterm Hakenkreuz: Verfolgung und Ausrottung der deutschenjuden 1933–1945 (Frankfurt, 1973)Google Scholar; Adler, H. G., Der verwaltete Mensch: Studien zur Deportation der Juden aus Detitschland (Tübingen, 1974)Google Scholar; and Robinson, J. and Bauer, Y., eds., Guide to Unpublished Materials of the Holocaust Period, 3 vols. (Jerusalem, 1970–1975).Google Scholar among others.

91 The organization of the Archives was patterned after the Soviet archival system, which was based on Lenin's order of June 1, 1918.

92 This and the following is based on Taschenbuch: Archivwesen der DDR (Berlin, 1971). pp. 43ff., henceforth cited as Taschenbuch. For the latest organizational and administrative development, see Gesetzhlatt der DDR, Mar. 13, 1976, ”Verordnung über das Staatliche Archivwesen.”

93 For the collections that survived the ravages of World War II, see: Kahlenberg, F., Deutsche Archive in West und Ost: Zur Entwicklung des Staatlichen Archivwesens seit 1945 (Düsseldorf, 1972), pp. 67, 68Google Scholar; Brather, H. S., “Aktenvernichtung durch deutsche Dienststellen beim Zusammenbruch des Faschismus” Archivmitteilungen 8 (1958): 115ff.Google Scholar, henceforth cited AM; Loetzke, H., “Archivmaterialien aus der UdSSR,” Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft 8 (1960): 1177–82Google Scholar, henceforth cited ZfG; Schmid, G., “Die Verluste in den Beständen des ehemaligen Reichsarchivs im Zweiten Weltkrieg,” in Archivar und Historiker, Studien zur Archiv- und Geschichtswissenschaft zum 65. Geburtstag von H. O. Meisner (Berlin, 1956), pp. 176–207Google Scholar, henceforth cited as Meisner Festschrift; Mork, G. R., “The Archives of the German Democratic Republic” CEH 2, no. 3 (Sept. 1969): 273–84.Google Scholar

94 For details, see Taschenbuch, pp. 47–48.

95 Taschenbuch, pp. 11ff.; Exner, G., “Aufbau und Entwicklung des staatlichen Archivwesens der DDR,” AM 24 (1974): 162–68.Google Scholar

96 On the historian's task and the organization of historical research and studies, see Bartel, H. et al., “Die Geschichtswissenschaften der DDR 1960–1970” Historische Forschungen in der DDR 1960–1970. Analysen und Berichte, ZfG 18 (1970)Google Scholar, Sonderband, pp. 19–30, henceforth cited as Sonderband.

97 Taschenbuch, pp. 11ff.

98 Gesetzblatt, p. 172, par. 4, 5.

99 The Archive Administration and the Historical Institute of the Academy of Sciences of the GDR jointly publish two collections important for the study of the Movement, German Labor: Archivalische Quellennachweise zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung (Berlin, 1962- )Google Scholar, and Archivalische Forschungen zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, (Berlin, 1954–); for individual volumes, see Taschenbuch, pp. 221–23; most state archives have compiled special inventories of their holdings on the history and development of regional labor movements. Kluge, R., “Quellen zur Geschichte der örtlichen Arbeiterbewegung in den staatlichen Archiven der DDR” in Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung, 5 (1963): pp. 528–40Google Scholar, henceforth cited as BzG; Winkler, H.-A., “Archivalien zur Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung im Deutschen Zentralarchiv Potsdam und Merseburg,” IWK 7 (1968): 48–53Google Scholar; for others, see Taschenbuch, pp. 228–48. The German State Library in Berlin published a Bibliographie zum Grundriss der Geschichte der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung: Eine Auswahl der seit 1945 im Gebiete der DDR erschienenen Veröffentlichungen (Berlin, 1962).Google Scholar On trade unions, see Lentmann, P., “Quellen zur Geschichte der deutschen Gewerkschaftsbewegung im Archiv der FDGB (Freien Deutschen Gewerkschaftsbundes) Bundesvorstandes,” AM 15 (1965): 90–94Google Scholar; and Reitsch, G., “Das Archivwesen des Freien Deutschen Gewerkschaftbundes,” AM 14 (1964): 25–27.Google Scholar Additional material on trade unions can be found in the Central Library of Trade Unions in Berlin, which has an extensive library, newspaper, and periodical collections, and protocols and reports of local and regional labor unions prior to 1933. For sources and studies on the problems of the history of peasants, see G. Heitz et al., “Forschungen zur Agrargeschichte,” Sonderband, pp. 121–46, especially pp. 132ff. and references, and n. 102 below.

100 The most important collections are in the Central Party Archives of the Socialist Unity Party in Berlin and in the German Central Archives in Potsdam and Merseburg. The former has the papers of the German Communist, Social Democratic, and Independent Socialist Parties, the Communist Youth Organization, the International Labor Relief Organization, the Revolutionary Trade Unions, the Workers and Soldiers Councils, the personal papers of Liebknecht, Luxemburg, Zetkin, Thaelman, and Pieck, memoirs and papers of former Reichstag members, anti-fascist emigrants and resistance fighters (Vosske, H., “Das Zentrale Parteiarchiv der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands,” AM 17 [1967]: 44–46Google Scholar; E. Woitinas, “Das Archivwesen der Sozialistischen Einheitspartei Deutschlands,” ibid. 14 [1964]: 21–24). The German Central Archive in Potsdam has over 100 volumes of the so-called Revolutionsakten among the files of the Reich Chancellery, including the files of the “Rat der Volksbeauftragten,” the files of the Reich Ministry of the Interior, the police and legal files of the Reich Ministry of Labor, and those of the Information Agency of the Reich government. The files of the Prussian Ministry of the Interior and the Prussian State Ministry are in Merseburg (Nissen, W., “Die archivalische Quellenlage zur Erforschung der Geschichte der Novemberrevolution 1918,” AM 8 [1958]: 69–76).Google Scholar Potsdam also has the papers of some of the conservative political parties and organizations—NSDAP, DNVP, Deutsche Demokratische Partei, Alldeutscher Verband—and the Nachlässe of Count Westarp, R. Mumm, Wangenheim, Von, and Gebsattel, Von (Brather, H. S. and Enders, G., “Über die archivalische Quellenlage zur Geschichte der Novemberrevolution im Deutschen Zentralarchiv Potsdam,” AM 18 [1968]: 142–47).Google Scholar Some material, such as the protocols of the meetings of the Council of the People's Representatives (Rat der Volksbeauftragten) and the files of the Central Council of the German Socialist Republic, are at the International Institute for Social History in Amsterdam. A considerable number of the pertinent files of the Supreme Command (OHL), the Prussian Ministry of War, and of various military headquarters were destroyed during and at the end of the Second World War. Some of the civilian files of the Prussian War Ministry and the former Saxon War Ministry are in the German Military Archives (see nn. 117 and 118 below). See also H. J. Fieber and H. Wohlgemuth, “Forschungen zur Novemberrevolution und zur Gründung der KPD,” Sonderband, pp. 508–14. On the effects of the Russian October Revolution, see Nissen, W., ”Die Auswirkungen der grossen Sozialistischen Oktoberrevolution auf Deutschland in den Jahren 1917–18, Bemerkungen zur archivalischen Quellenlage,” AM 7 (1957): 81–88Google Scholar, and Schlechte, H., ed., Die Grosse Sozialistische Oktoberrevolution: Dokumente aus dem Staatsarchiv Dresden (Dresden, 1967).Google Scholar

101 The material includes: files of the former State Ministries of Labor, Economics, Commerce, and Trade (Arbeit, Wirtschaft, Handel und Gewerbe) and their collections on general economic questions, railroads, mines, power and energy supplies, taxes, factory and mine inspections, production and employment statistics; files of the local chambers of commerce and industry labor and trade union organizations, and of police departments (Hess, U., “Quellen zur Geschichte industrieller Betriebe in Staatsarchiven,” AM 18 [1968]: 162–68).Google Scholar See also Pietschmann, D., “Quellen zur Wirtschafts- und Betriebsgeschichte in Justizbeständen der Abteilung Kapitalismus des Staatsarchivs Magdeburg” AM 21 (1971): 136–40Google Scholar; Gebauer, G., “Quellen zur Geschichte der Betriebe im Staatsarchiv Leipzig,” Jahrbuch für Wirtschaftsgeschichte, 1966, pp. 184–92Google Scholar; Radant, H., “Betriebsgeschichte und Archivare” AM 24 (1974): 94–97Google Scholar;, Widenka, E., “Zur Nutzung von Archivgut in Betriebsarchiven” AM 17 (1967): 155–57Google Scholar; H. Radant, “Forschungen zur Betriebsgeschichte” Sonderband, pp. 248–56.

102 The German Central Archive at Potsdam has the files of the former Prussian Ministry of Agriculture (the section on “Landeskultursachen” is of special interest), the Prussian State Ministry, and the Emperor's Secret Civil Cabinet (Geheimes Zivilkabinett). A number of estate archives, some of the pre-1945 Potsdam municipal government and its collections on taxation, estates, and forests (Steuern, Domänen, und Forsten) are also in Potsdam, as are the files of the provincial food bureaus (Provinzialernährungsämter), the Landratsämter, the Osthilfe, and rural finance and loan institutions. The Agricultural Year-books (Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbücher) published by the Prussian Landwirtschaftskammer are a valuable source (Harnisch, H., “Quellen zur Agrargeschichte Brandenburgs in der Epoche des Kapitalismus,” AM 21 [1971]: 55–60, 109–12).Google Scholar See also Heitz, G., “Probleme regionaler Agrargeschichtsforschung,” AM 21 (1971) 51–55Google Scholar; Heitz, G., “Regionale Quellen und Marxistisch-Leninistische Agrargeschichte,” AM 25 (1975): 138–44Google Scholar; G. Heitz et al., “Forschungen zur Agrargeschichte” Sonderband, pp. 121–46; Anikeev, A. A., “Zur marxistischen Historiographie über die Bauernpolitik des deutschen Faschismus,” ZfG 19 (1971): 1385–94Google Scholar; B. Schwineköper, “Das ‘Gutsarchiv’ als Archivtypus,” Meisner Festschrift, pp. 72–88.

103 There are about 1580 meters of shelf space for the files of the Prussian Finance Ministry (1806–1945); these are almost all in the German Central Archive at Merseburg. (The rest of the files are in the Federal Archives in Koblenz and in the Secret State Archive at Berlin–Dahlem.) They are organized into five divisions: Ministerbüro, Finanzabteilung, Abteilung für direkte Steuern, Abteilung für indirekte Steuern, Hochbauabteilung (Lehmann, J., “Der Bestand des preussischen Finanzministeriums im Deutschen Zentralarchive, Historische Abteilung II,” AM 18, 1968, pp. 17–23Google Scholar). The Central Archive also has the files of the former Prussian Ministry of Trade and Commerce, which was changed to the Ministry of Economics and Labor (Wirtschaft und Arbeit) in 1932. Among its more interesting files are those on internal taxes (1810–1934), custom duties (1807–1934), statistics, and trade organizations (Buck, H., Zur Geschichte der Produktivkrāfte und Produktionsverhāltnisse in Preussen 1810–1933: Spezialinventar des Bestandes Preussisches Ministerium für Handel und Gewerbe, vol. 3, Schriftenreihe des DZA, no. 2, Weimar, 1970Google Scholar). Neuss, E., Aktenkunde der Wirtschaft, 2 vols. (Berlin 1954–1956)Google Scholar, discusses the various types of materials to be found in business and trade archives, and K. Lehmann and H. Thümmler, “Forschungen zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte,” Sonderband, pp. 95–120, present a survey of research and studies on economic history.

104 Riedel, V., “Die Literatur Archive der Akademie der Künste der DDR,” AM 24 (1974): 190–91.Google Scholar The following provisional finding aids have been issued by the Academy: Franz Karl Weisskopf (1958), Martin Andersen Nexoe (1959), Erich Weinert (1959), Bernhard Kellermann (1960), Leonhard Frank (1962), Johannes R. Becher (1962); H. Lötzke, “Archivwissenschaft, Quellenkunde und historische Hilfswissenschaft,” Sonderband, p. 824, n. 22. Another major institution with an extensive collection of personal papers and manuscripts is the German State Library (Deutsche Staatsbibliothek) in Berlin, but its collections consist primarily of nineteenth-century writers and poets (e.g., Rilke, Treitschke, Thoma, Humboldt, Kleist). Other personal papers in various state archives and libraries include collections of prominent persons in the social and natural sciences (Wolf, H., “Die zentrale Erfassung von Gelehrten- und Schriftstellernachlässen in der DDR,” AM 18 [1968]: 254–56Google Scholar). The Central Archive in Potsdam has a great number of primarily nineteenth-century Nachlāsse from its estate archives; those of Count Dietleff von Arnim-Boitzenburg and Wilhelm von Oppen are considered important sources for the role of East Elbian Junkers during the Weimar Republic (Harnisch, H., “Nachlässe im Staatsarchiv Potsdam,” ZfG 21 [1971]: 1088–92).Google Scholar See also Werricht, H., “Die Nachlässe im Deutschen Zentralarchiv Abteilung II Merseburg,” AM 4 (1954): 8ff.Google Scholar; Lülfing, H., Gelehrten- und Schriftstellernachlässe in den Bibliotheken der DDR (Berlin, 1971)Google Scholar; Lülfing, H. and Unger, R., Die Nachlässe in wissenschaftlichen Instituten und Museen und in den allgemeinbildenden Bibliotheken (der DDR) (Berlin, 1968).Google Scholar

105 Kirsten, C., Übersicht über die Bestände des Archivs der Deutschen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin (Berlin, 1960).Google Scholar

106 M. Straube and W. Fläschendräger, “Forschungen zur Geschichte der Universitäten, Hochschulen und Akademien der DDR” Sonderband, pp. 187–209.

107 Kossack, H., “Das Archiv der Humboldt Universität zu Berlin” AM 24 (1974): 191–92.Google Scholar The archives of the Karl Marx University at Leipzig has a similar, though less extensive collection (Drucker, R., “Das Archiv der Karl Marx Universität zu Leipzig” AM 7 [1957]: 66–69).Google Scholar Those interested in the history and development of German education will find valuable material in the Monumenta Paedagogica and the Jahrbuch für Erziehungs- und Schulgeschichte published by the Commission for German Education and School History of the German Academy of Sciences in Berlin. See also G. Mundorf, “Forschungen zur Schul- und Erziehungsgeschichte” Sonderband, pp. 210–33.

108 There is a good collection of material on mining in the Saar, the Ruhr, and Silesia, and on railroads, waterways, harbors, and communication networks in the Central Archive at Merseburg (Waldmann, H., “Quellen zur Geschichte der Technik im DZA Abt. Merseburg” AM 8 [1958]: 104ff.).Google Scholar

109 J. Solta, “Forschungen zur Sorbischen Geschichte” Sonderband, pp. 269–80.

110 F. Mětšk, Bestandsverzeichnis des Sorbischen Kulturarchivs in Bautzen, pt. 2: Nachlässe von Mitgliedern der Macica Serbska (Bautzen, 1976); pt. 3: Das Depositum Wendenabteilung (Bautzen, 1967); also, by the same author, “Zehn Jahre Sorbisches Kulturarchiv” AM 23 (1973): 5–8. The Sorbisches Kulturarchiv took over the remains of the collections of the Macica Serbska, a learned society founded in 1845, and the material of the Lausitzer Sorbs.

111 D. Fricke, “Forschungen zur Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien” Sonderband, pp. 257–68.

112 Weissbecker, M., “Zur Tätigkeit der Arbeitsgemeinschaft ‘Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien in Deutschland’ von ihren Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart” ZfG 7 (1964): 1228–32Google Scholar, and Fricke, D. et al., Die bürgerlichen Parteien in Deutschland, 2 vols. (Leipzig, 1968–1970).Google Scholar

113 Knaack, R., “Quellen zur Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien und Verbände im Staatsarchiv Potsdam” AM 17 (1967): 229–32Google Scholar, and by the same author, Spezialinventar des Staatsarchivs Potsdam zur Geschichte der bürgerlichen Parteien und Verbände in Deutschland (Potsdam, 1967).

114 G. Färster et al., “Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte 1933–45” Sonderband, pp. 552–89; A. Anderle et al., “Forschungen zur Geschichte der UdSSR und der deutschsowjetischen Beziehungen 1917–45” Sonderband, pp. 676–89; H. Helmert et al., “Forschungen zur Militärgeschichte” Sonderband, pp. 147–69.

115 Deutsche Staatsbibliothek, Berlin, Bibliographie zur Geschichte des antifaschistischen Widerstandes (Berlin, 1959); Schumann, H. and Wehling, W., “Literatur über Probleme der deutschen antifaschistischen Widerstandsbewegung” ZfG, Sonderheft, 1960, pp. 381–402Google Scholar; Althus, A. et al., “Erfahrungen bei der Erforschung des antifaschistischen Wider-standkampfes im Bezirk Dresden” AM 24 (1974): 3–6Google Scholar; Bradmann, B., “Aktenbetreffe des Geheimen Staatspolizeiamts zur Widerstandsbewegung der deutschen Arbeiterklasse 1933–39.” AM 11 (1961): 74–80.Google Scholar

116 Chadwick, O., “The Present Stage of the ‘Kirchenkampf Enquiry’,” Journal of Ecclesiastical History 24, no. 1 (Jan. 1973): 33–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar, especially p. 45.

117 Enders, G., “Die ehemaligen deutschen Militärarchive und das Schicksal der deutschen Militärakten nach 1945” Zeitschrift für Militärgeschichte 8 (1969): 599ff.Google Scholar, henceforth cited ZfM. See also n. 100.

118 Studanski, R., “Die Bestände des Deutschen Militärarchivs (Potsdam)” ZfM 4 (1965): 594–98Google Scholar, and by the same author, “Das Deutsche Militärarchiv der DDR” Der Archivar 19 (1966): 293–95; Kohnke, M. and Weiser, J., “Quellen zur Militärgeschichte in der Historischen Abteilung II des Deutschen Zentralarchivs” ZfM 9 (1970): 724–31.Google Scholar See also Bruehl, R., Militärgeschichte und Kriegspolitik: Zur Militärgeschichte des preussisch-deutschen Generalstabs 1816–1945 (Berlin, 1973)Google Scholar, and Stern, L. et al., Der deutsche Imperialismus und der Zweite Weltkrieg, 5 vols. (Berlin, 1960–1962).Google Scholar

119 See p. 55, n. 79.

120 Schmid, I., “Der Bestand des Auswärtigen Amts im Deutschen Zentralarchiv Potsdam, II Teil, 1929–45” AM 12 (1962): 123–32.Google Scholar

121 For a listing of some guides to industrial archives, see for example Archivalische Quellennachweise zur Geschichte der chemischen Industrie, no. 4, Quellen und Dokumente aus dem Bestand IG Farbenindustrie AG (Wolfen, 1972).

122 See for example Dokumente der deutschen Arbeiterbewegung zur Frauenfrage 1848–1974 (Leipzig, 1975); Kuczynski, J. and Hoppe, R., Geschichte der Kinderarbeit in Deutschland 1750–1939, 2 vols. (Berlin, 1958).Google Scholar

123 see Sheehan, J. J., “Quantification in the Study of Modern German Social and Political History” in Lorwin, V. R. and Price, J. M., eds., The Dimensions of the Past: Problems and Opportunities for Quantitative Work in History (New Haven, 1972).Google Scholar

124 K. Czok, “Forschungen zur Regionalgeschichte” Sonderband, pp. 234–47; Fritze, K. et al., “Forschungen zur Stadt- und Hansegeschichte in der DDR” ZfG, Sonderheft, 1960, pp. 74–104.Google Scholar

125 See n. 103 and Die Archive der Deutschen Akademie der Künste zu Berlin: Informationen zur Archivarbeit auf den Gebieten Literatur, Musik, darstellende und bildende Kunst (Berlin, 1970).