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Bilingualism in Medieval Europe: Germans and Slavs in Helmold of Bosau's Chronicle
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 29 October 2014
Extract
Having described the countries of the “numerous peoples of the Slavs,” the late twelfth-century chronicler Helmold of Bosau added, “If you consider Hungary as a part of Slavania, as some would suggest, because it does not differ by customs or by language, the area of the Slavic language extends so far that a proper estimate is quite lacking.” These few words indicate how clearly local the chronicler's horizon was—the farther away from Wagria, the fuzzier his information. At the same time, though, Helmold made plain that the Slavic language was for him an essential element of what Slavania was. As a parish priest at the forefront of missionary and settlement activities, Helmold wrote a chronicle that is a unique source of information for intercultural interactions between Germans and Slavs during the high medieval colonization period.
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References
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34 Ibid., 1.25, 48–49.
35 Butue was born of another woman, however. Ibid., 1.24, 46.
36 Ibid., 1.25, 49–50.
37 Ibid., 1.36, 70–71.
38 Ibid., 1.38, 74–75.
39 Ibid., 1.48, 94–95.
40 Preter facundiam enim Latinae et Teutonicae linguae Slavicae nichilominus linguae gnarus erat. Ibid., 1.49, 98.
41 Ibid., 1.93, 183.
42 Ibid., 1.71, 136.
43 Ibid., 2.98, 191–92.
44 Ibid., 2.98, 192–94.
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53 Ibid., 1.84, 159–160. Concerning Prove, see Rosik, Interpretacja, 281–88.
54 Lübeck was the favored center of the politics of Henry the Lion, whom Gerold supported. Gerold likely realized that Lübeck was promised a greater future than Starigard. See Stoob, “Einleitung,” 5–6.
55 Helmold of Bosau, Cronica 1.84, 160–62.
56 Et quia castrum et civitas, quae olim ecclesia et sedes cathedralis fuerat, deserta erat, obtinuit apud comitem, ut fieret illic Saxonum colonia et esset solacium sacerdoti de populo, cuius nosset linguam et consuetudinem. Ibid., 1.84, 164. See Biermann, “Konfrontation,” 153–54.
57 According to Linda Kaljundi, Helmold implied a comparison between the arrival of Saxon settlers in the land of the Slavs and that of the Old Testament Israelites in the promised land. See Kaljundi, “Medieval Conceptualisations.”
58 Omnis enim Slavorum regio (. . .) olim insidiis horrida et pene deserta, nunc dante Deo tota redacta est veluti in unam Saxonum coloniam, et instruuntur illic civitates et oppida, et multiplicantur ecclesiae et numerus ministrorum Christi. Helmold of Bosau, Cronica 2.110, 218.
59 Ibid., 1.48, 95.
60 Ibid., 1.52, 103. See Rosik, Interpretacja, 266–73.
61 Helmold, of Bosau, Cronica 1.54, 105.
62 Quibus et sacerdos Dei Bruno iuxta creditam sibi legacionem sufficienter amministravit verbum Dei, habens sermones conscriptos Slavicis verbis, quos populo pronuntiaret oportune. Ibid., Cronica 1.84, 164.
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67 Piskorski, Kolonizacja, 215–16.
68 Zientara, “Die deutschen Einwanderer,” 345–46.
69 Higounet, Les Allemands, 343.
70 Helmold of Bosau, Cronica 1.16, 34. For such stereotypes, see Biermann, “Konfrontation,” 162; Graus, Die Nationenbildung, 77; Opelt, Ilona, “Slavenbeschimpfungen in Helmolds Chronik,” Mittellateinisches Jahrbuch 19 (1984): 168Google Scholar; Görlich, Paul, Zur Frage des Nationalbewußtseins in ostdeutschen Quellen des 12. bis 14. Jahrhunderts (Marburg and Lahn: J.-G. Herder, 1964), 166–71Google Scholar.
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72 Strzelczyk, “Die Wahrnehmung,” 106.
73 Stoob, “Einleitung,” 2; Scior, Das Eigene, 204–05, 214; Nowak, Untersuchungen, 106–07.
74 Görlich, Zur Frage, 102–05, 194–96, 200–03.
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78 Reese, “Das Gute,” 329–31; Görlich, Zur Frage, 213–15.