Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T21:39:33.506Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Profiles of levels of lipids and dyslipidaemia in children from Beijing, China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 August 2009

Yan Hui ,
Mi Jie ,
Liu Ying ,
Jin Hongfang ,
Chen Li ,
Tang Chaoshu  and
Du Junbao
Yan Hui
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
Mi Jie
Affiliation:
Department of Epidemiology, Capital Institute of Pediatrics, Beijing
Liu Ying
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
Jin Hongfang
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
Chen Li
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing
Tang Chaoshu
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
Du Junbao*
Affiliation:
Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Ministry of Education, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
*
Correspondence to: Dr Du Junbao, Department of Pediatrics, Peking University First Hospital, Xi-An Men Street No. 1, West District, Beijing, 100034, People’s Republic of China. Tel: +8610-66551122, ext 3238; Fax: 8610-66134261; E-mail: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Background

There is limited data available on characteristics of profiles of lipids in children. The purpose of our investigation, therefore, was to determine the lipid profile, and analyze the prevalence of dyslipidaemia, in subgroups of children according to different gender, districts of residence, and ages in Beijing, China.

Methods and Results

We included 18,944 school children, aged from 7 to 18 years, in our community-based cross-sectional study, measuring the levels of total cholesterol and triglyceride in capillary blood, and at the same time determining their weight and height. Weights, heights, circumference at the waist, and body mass index proved to be significantly greater for the boys than the girls. The levels of total cholesterol of boys and girls were 3.98 ± 0.35, and 4.02 ± 0.35 mmol/L, respectively, while the comparable levels of triglycerides were 1.08 ± 0.52, and 1.18 ± 0.66 mmol/L, respectively. The percentages of hypercholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia, combined dyslipidaemia, and hyperlipidaemia were 1.2, 8.8, 0.4, and 9.7%, respectively. The incidences of hypertriglyceridaemia, combined dyslipidaemia, and hyperlipidaemia of girls were higher than boys. The levels of triglycerides for boys aged from 11 to 18 years living in an urban setting were higher than those for boys living in rural settings, as were the levels of total cholesterol for boys aged from 12 to 16 years.

Conclusion

Our study provides the newest current profiles of lipids for children living in Beijing. We found significant influences of age, districts of residence, and genders on the levels of lipids, features which need further attention in the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia.

Keywords

Hyperlipidaemiacholesteroltriglycerideadolescentgenderdistrict
Type
Original Article
Information
Cardiology in the Young , Volume 19 , Issue 5 , October 2009 , pp. 456 - 464
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1. Murray, CJ, Lopez, AD. Mortality by cause for eight regions of the world: Global Burden of Disease Study. Lancet 1997; 349: 1269–1276.Google Scholar
2. McCrindle, BW. Hyperlipidaemia in children. Thromb Res 2006; 118: 49–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
3. Primrose, ED, Savage, JM, Boreham, CA, Cran, GW, Strain, JJ. Cholesterol screening and family history of vascular disease. Arch Dis Child 1994; 71: 242–293.Google Scholar
4. Freedman, DS, Dietz, WH, Srinivasan, SR, Berenson, GS. The relation of overweight to cardiovascular risk factors among children and adolescents: The Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 1999; 103: 1175–1182.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Newman, WP 3rd, Freedman, DS, Voors, AW, et al. Relation of serum lipoprotein levels and systolic blood pressure to early atherosclerosis. The Bogalusa Heart Study. N Engl J Med 1986; 314: 138–144.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Napoli, C, Glass, CK, Witztum, JL, Deutsch, R, D’Armiento, FP, Palinski, W. Influence of maternal hypercholesterolaemia during pregnancy on progression of early atherosclerotic lesions in childhood: Fate of Early Lesions in Children (FELIC) study. Lancet 1999; 354: 1234–1241.Google Scholar
7. Celermajer, DS, Sorensen, KE, Gooch, VM, et al. Non-invasive detection of endothelial dysfunction in children and adults at risk of atherosclerosis. Lancet 1992; 340: 1111–1115.Google Scholar
8. Davis, PH, Dawson, JD, Riley, WA, Lauer, RM. Carotid intimal-medial thickness is related to cardiovascular risk factors measured from childhood through middle age: the Muscatine Study. Circulation 2001; 104: 2815–2819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9. Webber, LS, Harsha, DW, Phillips, GT, Srinivasan, SR, Simpson, JW, Berenson, GS. Cardiovascular risk factors in Hispanic, white, and black children: the Brooks County and Bogalusa Heart studies. Am J Epidemiol 1991; 133: 704–714.Google Scholar
10. Pearson, TA, Blair, SN, Daniels, SR, et al. AHA Guidelines for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Stroke: 2002 Update. Circulation 2002; 106: 388–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Kavey, RE, Daniels, SR, Lauer, RM, Atkins, DL, Hayman, LL, Taubert, K. American Heat Association. American Heat Association guidelines for primary prevention of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease beginning in childhood. Circulation 2003; 107: 1562–1566.Google Scholar
12. Kouda, K, Nakamura, H, Tokunaga, R, Takeuchi, H. Trends in levels of cholesterol in Japanese children from 1993 through 2001. J Epidemiol 2004; 14: 78–82.Google Scholar
13. O’Loughlin, J, Lauzon, B, Paradis, G, et al. Usefulness of the American Academy of Pediatrics recommendations for identifying youths with hypercholesterolaemia. Pediatrics 2004; 113: 1723–1727.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14. Harrabi, I, Ghannem, H, Gaha, R, Hochlaf, M, Limam, K, Essoussi, AS. Epidemiology of dyslipidaemia among schoolchildren in Sousse, Tunisia. Diabetes Metab 2005; 31: 285–289.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Angelico, F, Hurtova, M, Liuti, A, Francioso, S, Urbinati, G. Cholesterol levels in Italian school children: results of an opportunistic survey. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2000; 10: 24–27.Google Scholar
16. de Franca, E, Alves, JG. Dyslipidaemia among adolescents and children from Pernambuco. Arq Bras Cardiol 2006; 87: 661–665.Google Scholar
17. Kopelman, PG. Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 2000; 404: 635–643.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Calle, EE, Thun, MJ, Petrelli, JM, Rodriguez, C, Heath, CW. Body mass index and mortality in a prospective cohort of US adults. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1097–1105.Google Scholar
19. Gidding, SS, Bao, W, Srinivasan, SR, Berenson, GS. Effects of secular trends in obesity on coronary risk factors in children: the Bogalusa Heart Study. J Pediatr 1995; 127: 868–874.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Cook, S, Weitzman, M, Auinger, P, Nguyen, M, Dietz, WH. Prevalence of a metabolic syndrome phenotype in adolescents: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988–1994. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2003; 157: 821–827.Google Scholar
21. Cheng, TO. Fast food, automobiles, television and obesity epidemic in Chinese children. Int J Cardiol 2005; 98: 173–174.Google Scholar
22. He, J, Gu, DF, Reynolds, K, et al. Serum total and lipoprotein cholesterol levels and awareness, treatment, and control of hypercholesterolaemia in China. Circulation 2004; 110: 405–411.Google Scholar
23. Halkes, CJ, Van Wijk, JP, Ribalta, J, Masana, L, Castro Cabezas, M. Diurnal triglyceridaemia and insulin resistance in mildly obese subjects with normal fasting plasma lipids. J Int Med 2004; 255: 74–81.Google Scholar
24. Luley, C, Ronquist, G, Reuter, W, et al. Point-of-care testing of triglycerides: evaluation of the accutrend triglycerides system. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 287–291.Google Scholar
25. Castro Cabezas, M, Halkes, CJ, Meijssen, S, van Oostrom, AJ, Erkelens, DW. Diurnal triglyceride profiles: a novel approach to study triglyceride changes. Atherosclerosis 2001; 155: 219–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.National Cholesterol Education Program (NCEP): highlights of the report of the Expert Panel on Blood Cholesterol Levels in Children and Adolescents. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 495–501.Google Scholar
27. Okada, T, Murata, M, Yamauchi, K, Harada, K. New criteria of normal serum lipid levels in Japanese children: the nationwide study. Pediatr Int 2002; 44: 596–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Workshop on prevention and therapy of dyslipidaemia. Recommendations on prevention and therapy of dyslipidaemia. Chinese J Cardiovasc Dis 1997; 25: 169–172.Google Scholar
29. de Graaf, J, van der Vleuten, G, Stalenhoef, AF. Diagnostic criteria in relation to the pathogenesis of familial combined hyperlipidaemia. Semin Vasc Med 2004; 4: 229–240.Google Scholar
30. Reddy, KS, Yusuf, S. Emerging epidemic of cardiovascular disease in developing countries. Circulation 1998; 97: 596–601.Google Scholar
31. Wu, Z, Yao, C, Zhao, D, et al. Sino-MONICA project: a collaborative study on trends and determinants in cardiovascular diseases in China, I: morbidity and mortality monitoring. Circulation 2001; 103: 462–468.Google Scholar
32. Popkin, BM, Horton, S, Kim, S, Mahal, A, Shuiqao, J. Trends in diet, nutritional status, and diet-related noncommunicable diseases in China and India: the economic costs of the nutrition transition. Nutr Rev 2001; 59: 379–390.Google Scholar
33. Stavenow, L, Kjellström, T. Influence of serum triglyceride levels on the risk for myocardial infarction in 12,510 middle aged males: interaction with serum cholesterol. Atherosclerosis 1999; 147: 243–247.Google Scholar
34. Verschuren, WM, Jacobs, DR, Bloemberg, BP, et al. Serum total cholesterol and long-term coronary heart disease mortality in different cultures. Twenty-five-year follow-up of the seven countries study. JAMA 1995; 274: 131–136.Google Scholar
35. Li, JZ, Nv, QT, Li, PY, et al. Study on serum lipid and lipiprotein level from infant to juvenile. Beijing Med 1987; 9: 346–349.Google Scholar
36. Regitz-Zagrosek, V, Lehmkuhl, E, Mahmoodzadeh, S. Gender aspects of the role of the metabolic syndrome as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Gender Med 2007; 4 Suppl B: s162–s177.Google Scholar
37. Ji, CY, Hu, PJ, He, ZH. Secular growth trends in the Chinese urban youth and its implications on public health. J Peking Univ (health sciences) 2007; 39: 126–131.Google Scholar
38. Li, Z, Yang, R, Xu, G, and Xia, T. Serum lipid concentrations and prevalence of dyslipidaemia in a large professional population in Beijing. Clin Chem 2005; 51: 144–150.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
39. Hickman, TB, Briefel, RR, Carroll, MD, et al. Distributions and trends of serum lipid levels among United States children and adolescents ages 4–19 years: data from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Prev Med 1998; 27: 879–890.Google Scholar