Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-t7fkt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-30T21:20:47.376Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

An unusual cause of ventricular fibrillatory arrest

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 June 2020

Utkarsh Kohli*
Affiliation:
Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital and Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
Elizabeth Meinert
Affiliation:
Division of Pediatric Critical Care, Department of Pediatrics, Comer Children’s Hospital and Pritzker School of Medicine of the University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
*
Author for correspondence: Utkarsh Kohli, Section of Pediatric Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, 5481 S Maryland Ave., RM-C104E, MC 4051, Chicago, IL60637, USA. Tel: +1 773 702 6172; Fax: +1 773 702 2319. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Myocarditis is an important cause of arrhythmogenic sudden cardiac arrest in the young. A strong index of suspicion is required as not only can arrhythmias be the only clinical manifestation but also because these patients can have normal cardiac biomarkers, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings, and inflammatory markers. Patients with ventricular arrhythmias in the setting of viral myocarditis, especially the ones in whom cardiac MRI findings normalise upon follow-up, tend to do well in the long run and an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be avoided in these patients; instead, a wearable defibrillator should be temporarily used as we did in this 7-year-old.

Type
Brief Report
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kindermann, I, Barth, C, Mahfoud, F, et al.Update on myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012; 59: 779792.10.1016/j.jacc.2011.09.074CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rodriguez-Gonzalez, M, Sanchez-Codez, MI, Lubian-Gutierrez, M, Castellano-Martinez, A.Clinical presentation and early predictors for poor outcomes in pediatric myocarditis: a retrospective study. World J Clin Cases 2019; 7: 548561.10.12998/wjcc.v7.i5.548CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chow, J, Murphy, J, Subedi, A, Jyothidasan, A.Rhinovirus-associated dilated cardiomyopathy. ID Cases 2020; 19: e00702.Google ScholarPubMed
Kandolf, R, Klingel, K, Zell, R, et al.Molecular pathogenesis of enterovirus-induced myocarditis: virus persistence and chronic inflammation. Intervirology 1993; 35: 140151.10.1159/000150305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mahfoud, F, Gartner, B, Kindermann, M, et al.Virus serology in patients with suspected myocarditis: utility or futility? Eur Heart J 2011; 32: 897903. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehq493CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Morgera, T, Di Lenarda, A, Dreas, L, et al.Electrocardiography of myocarditis revisited: clinical and prognostic significance of electrocardiographic changes. Am Heart J 1992; 124: 455467.10.1016/0002-8703(92)90613-ZCrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, L T Jr. Myocarditis. N Engl J Med 2009; 360: 15261538.10.1056/NEJMra0800028CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dennert, R, Crijns, HJ, Heymans, S.Acute viral myocarditis. Eur Heart J 2008; 29: 20732082.10.1093/eurheartj/ehn296CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fung, G, Luo, H, Qiu, Y, Yang, D, McManus, B. Myocarditis. Circ Res 2016; 118: 496514.10.1161/CIRCRESAHA.115.306573CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Felker, GM, Boehmer, JP, Hruban, RH, et al.Echocardiographic findings in fulminant and acute myocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 227232.10.1016/S0735-1097(00)00690-2CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aquaro, GD, Perfetti, M, Camastra, G, et al.Cardiac magnetic resonance working group of the Italian society of cardiology. Cardiac MR with late gadolinium enhancement in acute myocarditis with preserved systolic function: ITAMY study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017; 70: 19771987.10.1016/j.jacc.2017.08.044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phillips, M, Robinowitz, M, Higgins, JR, Boran, KJ, Reed, T, Virmani, R.Sudden cardiac death in air force recruits. JAMA 1986; 256: 26962699.10.1001/jama.1986.03380190066026CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baksi, AJ, Kanaganayagam, GS, Prasad, SK.Arrhythmias in viral myocarditis and pericarditis. Card Electrophysiol Clin 2015; 7: 269281.10.1016/j.ccep.2015.03.009CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Caforio, AL, Pankuweit, S, Arbustini, E, et al.European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Current state of knowledge on aetiology, diagnosis, management, and therapy of myocarditis: a position statement of the European society of cardiology working group on myocardial and pericardial diseases. Eur Heart J 2013; 34: 26362648.10.1093/eurheartj/eht210CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buttà, C, Zappia, L, Laterra, G, Roberto, M.Diagnostic and prognostic role of electrocardiogram in acute myocarditis: a comprehensive review. Ann Noninvasive Electrocardiol 2019. doi:10.1111/anec.12726Google ScholarPubMed
Larsen, BT, Maleszewski, JJ, Edwards, WD, et al.Atrial giant cell myocarditis: a distinctive clinicopathologic entity. Circulation 2013; 127: 3947.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.128900CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prabhu, MA, Srinivas Prasad, BV, Thajudeen, A, Namboodiri, N.Persistent atrial standstill in acute myocarditis. Indian Pediatr 2016; 53: 162164.10.1007/s13312-016-0814-3CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Granér, M, Lommi, J, Kupari, M, Räisänen-Sokolowski, A, Toivonen, L.Multiple forms of sustained monomorphic ventricular tachycardia as common presentation in giant-cell myocarditis. Heart 2007; 93: 119121.10.1136/hrt.2005.079053CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cooper, LT Jr, Berry, GJ, Shabetai, R.Idiopathic giant-cell myocarditis–natural history and treatment. Multicenter giant cell myocarditis study group investigators. N Engl J Med 1997; 336: 18601866.10.1056/NEJM199706263362603CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ekström, K, Lehtonen, J, Kandolin, R, Räisänen-Sokolowski, A, Salmenkivi, K, Kupari, M.Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias in giant cell myocarditis. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol 2016; 9: e004559.10.1161/CIRCEP.116.004559CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Priori, SG, Blomström-Lundqvist, C, Mazzanti, A, et al; Task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European society of cardiology (ESC). 2015 ESC guidelines for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: the task force for the management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death of the European society of cardiology (ESC) endorsed by: association for European paediatric and congenital cardiology (AEPC). Europace 2015; 17: 16011687.Google Scholar
Al-Khatib, SM, Stevenson, WG, Ackerman, MJ, et al.2017 AHA/ACC/HRS guideline for management of patients with ventricular arrhythmias and the prevention of sudden cardiac death: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines and the heart rhythm society. Heart Rhythm 2018; 15: e190e252.10.1016/j.hrthm.2017.10.035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peretto, G, Sala, S, Rizzo, S, et al.Arrhythmias in myocarditis: state of the art. Heart Rhythm 2019; 16: 793801. doi:10.1016/j.hrthm.2018.11.024CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chau, EM, Chow, WH, Chiu, CS, Wang, E.Treatment and outcome in biopsy proven fulminant myocarditis in adults. Int J Cardiol 2006; 110: 405406.10.1016/j.ijcard.2005.07.082CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Małek, ŁA, Kamińska, H, Barczuk-Falęcka, M, et al. Children with acute myocarditis often have persistent subclinical changes as revealed by cardiac magnetic resonance. J Magn Reson Imaging 2020. doi:10.1002/jmri.27036CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duclos, G, Scemama, U, Leone, M, Zieleskiewicz, L.Concordance of longitudinal strain and MRI in a case of myocardial contusion in a patient with normal conventional 2D echocardiography. Intensive Care Med 2018; 44: 19491950. doi:10.1007/s00134-018-5235-4CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, MM, Raptis, DA, Cummings, KW, et al.Imaging in blunt cardiac injury: computed tomographic findings in cardiac contusion and associated injuries. Injury 2016; 47: 10251030.10.1016/j.injury.2015.11.008CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vago, H, Toth, A, Apor, A.Images in cardiovascular medicine. Cardiac contusion in a professional soccer player: visualization of acute and late pathological changes in the myocardium with magnetic resonance imaging. Circulation 2010; 121: 24562461.10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.917724CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dellegrottaglie, S, Pedrotti, P, Pedretti, S.Persistent myocardial damage late after cardiac contusion: depiction by cardiac magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown) 2008; 9: 11771179.10.2459/JCM.0b013e328306f300CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kaneda, K, Yamamura, H, Yamamoto, T, Matsumoto, K, Ehara, S, Mizobata, Y.Efficacy of cardiac magnetic resonance for the qualitative diagnosis of blunt cardiac injury. Acute Med Surg 2015; 3: 5356.10.1002/ams2.122CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burrell, AJ, Kaye, DM, Fitzgerald, MC, et al.Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in suspected blunt cardiac injury: a prospective, pilot, cohort study. Injury 2017; 48: 10131019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zeldetz, V, Greenberg, S, Zeller, L, Zahger, D, Shalev, A.Commotio cordis in a professional soccer player: value of MRI in unraveling myocardial damage. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging 2018; 11: e007848.10.1161/CIRCIMAGING.118.007848CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sen-Chowdhry, S, Syrris, P, Prasad, SK, et al.Left-dominant arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy: an under-recognized clinical entity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008; 52: 21752187.10.1016/j.jacc.2008.09.019CrossRefGoogle Scholar