Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-dh8gc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-20T05:38:45.430Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Advanced pulmonary vascular disease: the Eisenmenger syndrome

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 May 2009

R. Krishna Kumar*
Affiliation:
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Cochin, Kerala, India
Julio Sandoval
Affiliation:
Cardiopulmonary Department National Institute of Cardiology “Ignacio Chávez”, Mexico City, Mexico
*
Correspondence to: R. Krishna Kumar, MD, DM, FACC, FAHA, Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Cochin, Kerala, 682026, India. E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Original Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2009

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1.Eisenmenger, V. Die angeborenen Defecte der Kammerssheidewand des Herzens. Z Klin Med 1897; 32 (Suppl 1): 128.Google Scholar
2.Wood, P. The Eisenmenger syndrome or pulmonary hypertension with reversed central shunt. Br Med J 1958; 2: 755762.Google Scholar
3.Granton, JT, Rabinovitch, M. Pulmonary arterial hypertension in congenital heart disease. Cardiol Clin 2002; 20: 441457.Google Scholar
4.Celermajer, DS, Cullen, S, Deanfield, DE. Impairment of endothelium- dependent pulmonary artery relaxation with congenital heart disease and abnormal pulmonary hemodynamics. Circulation 1993; 87: 440446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Diller, GP, Gatzoulis, MA. Pulmonary vascular disease in adults with congenital heart disease. Circulation 2007; 115: 10391050.Google Scholar
6.Perloff, JK, Rosove, MH, Sietsema, KE, Territo, MC. Cyanotic congenital heart disease: A multisystem disorder. In: Perloff JK, Child JS (eds). Congenital Heart Disease in Adults. WB Saunders Company. A division of Harcourt Brace & Company. Philadelphia, Penn, 1988, pp. 199226.Google Scholar
7.Broberg, CS, Uebing, A, Cuomo, L, Thein, SL, Papdopoulous, MG, Gatzoulis, MA. Adult patients with Eisenmenger syndrome report flying safely on commercial airlines. Heart 2007; 93: 15991603; originally published online 12 Dec 2006.Google Scholar
8.Penalosa, D, Arias-Stella, J. The Heart and Pulmonary Circulation at High Altitudes: Healthy Highlanders and Chronic Mountain Sickness. Circulation 2007; 115: 11321146.Google Scholar
9.Yentis, SM, Steer, PJ, Plaat, F. Eisenmenger’s syndrome in pregnancy: maternal and fetal mortality in the 1990s. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 921922.Google Scholar
10.Lovell, AT. Anaesthetic implications of grown-up congenital heart disease. Br J Anaesth 2004; 93: 129139.Google Scholar
11.Perloff, JK, Marelli, AJ, Miner, PD. Risk of stroke in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. Circulation 1993; 87: 19541959.Google Scholar
12.Perloff, JK, Rosove, MH, Child, JS, Wright, GB. Adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease: hematologic management. Ann Int Med 1988; 109: 406413.Google Scholar
13.Broberg, CS, Bax, BE, Okonko, DO, et al. Blood viscosity and its relationship to iron deficiency, symptoms, and exercise capacity in adults with cyanotic congenital heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006; 48: 356365.Google Scholar
14.Broberg, C, Ujita, M, Babu-Narayan, S, et al. Massive pulmonary artery thrombosis with haemoptysis in adults with Eisenmenger’s syndrome: a clinical dilemma. Heart 2004; 90: e63.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Broberg, CS, Ujita, M, Prasad, S, et al. Pulmonary arterial thrombosis in Eisenmenger syndrome is associated with biventricular dysfunction and decreased pulmonary blood velocity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007; 50: 634642.Google Scholar
16.Bowyer, JJ, Busst, CM, Denison, DM, Shinebourne, EA. Effect of long term oxygen treatment at home in children with pulmonary vascular disease. Br Heart J 1986; 55: 385390.Google Scholar
17.Sandoval, J, Aguirre, JS, Pulido, T, et al. Nocturnal oxygen therapy in patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2001; 164: 16821687.Google Scholar
18.Galie, N, Beghetti, M, Gatzoulis, MA, et al. Bosentan Randomized Trial of Endothelial Antagonist Therapy-5 (BREATHE-5) Investigators. Bosentan therapy in patients with Eisenmenger syndrome: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study. Circulation 2006; 114: 4854.Google Scholar
19.Apostolopoulou, SC, Manginas, A, Cokkinos, DV, Rammos, S. Long-term oral bosentan treatment in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension related to congenital heart disease: a 2-year study. Heart 2007; 93: 350354.Google Scholar
20.Galie, N, Ghofrani, HA, Torbicki, A, et al. Sildenafil citrate therapy for pulmonary arterial hypertension. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 21482157.Google Scholar
21.Mukhopadhyay, S, Sharma, M, Ramakrishnan, S, et al. Phosphodiesterase-5 Inhibitor in Eisenmenger Syndrome: A Preliminary observational study. Circulation 2006; 114: 18071810.Google Scholar
22.Diller, GP, Dimopoulos, K, Broberg, CS, et al. Presentation, survival prospects, and predictors of death in Eisenmenger syndrome: a combined retrospective and case-control study. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 17371742.Google Scholar
23.Hopkins, WE, Ochoa, LL, Richardson, GW, Trulock, EP. Comparison of the hemodynamics and survival of adults with severe primary pulmonary hypertension or Eisenmenger syndrome. J Heart Lung Transplant 1996; 15: 100105.Google Scholar
24.Adriaenssens, T, Delcroix, M, Van Deyk, K, Budts, W. Advanced therapy may delay the need for transplantation in patients with the Eisenmenger syndrome. Eur Heart J 2006; 27: 14721477.Google Scholar