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International Legislation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

Jochen Erler
Jochen Erler*
Affiliation:
University of Heidelberg; LL.M., McGill University
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Extract

Many volumes have been written on international organizations dealing with their political aspects and even their legal and constitutional intricacies. But regrettably their constitutions have not yet been studied fully on a comparative basis. The constitutions of intergovernmental organizations such as the specialized agencies of the United Nations offer a fascinating field of study that is important to be explored.

Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 2 , 1964 , pp. 153 - 163
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1964

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References

1 In addition to the material quoted hereinafter, reference is also made to the following: Asbeck, , “Growth and Movement of International Law,” (1962) 11 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 1054 CrossRefGoogle Scholar Claude, , Swords into Plowshares: The Problems and Progress of International Organization (1956);Google Scholar Jenks, , “Some Constitutional Problems of International Organizations,” (1945) 22 Brit. Yb. Int’l L. 11;Google Scholar Parry, , “Constitutions of International Organizations,” (1946) 23 Brit. Yb. Int’l L. 394;Google Scholar Potter, , “Relative Values of International Relations, Law and Organizations,” (1960) 54 Am. J. Int’l L. 379.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

2 A seminar on the quasi-legislative activities of the specialized agencies, led by the Legal Adviser of UNESCO, Mr. H. Saba, will take place at the 1964 Session of the Academy of International Law in The Hague.

3 Schwarzenberger, , “Reflections on the Law of International Institutions,” (1960) 13 Curr. Leg. Prob. 276, 283.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 The word “treaty” usually refers to an agreement embodied in a formal instrument; the word “agreement” includes all forms of agreement between states.

5 See Sorensen, , “Le Conseil Nordique,” (1955) 59 Rev. Gén. Dr. Int’l Pubi. 65–66.Google Scholar

6 But Opsahl suggests the use of “more modest terms”: see “An International Constitutional Law?” (1961) 10 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 784.

7 Potter, , An Introduction to the Study of International Organisations 192 (5th ed., 1948);Google Scholar Wilcox, , The Ratification of International Conventions 308 (1935);Google Scholar see also I von der Heydte, , Voelkerrecht 100 (1958).Google Scholar

8 I Hudson, I, International Legislation xiv (1931).Google Scholar

9 Brierly, , The Law of Nations 96 (6th ed., 1963),Google Scholar and The Basis of Obligations in International Law 214 (1958); Briggs, “The UN and International Legislation,” (1947) 41 Am. J. Int’l L. 435; Eagleton, , International Government 186 (3rd ed., 1957);Google Scholar Jenks expressed this view in a lecture at the Institute of Air and Space Law, McGill University, Montreal; Merle, , “Le pouvoir réglementaire des institutions internationales,” (1958) 4 Annuaire Franç. Dr. Int’l 342.Google Scholar

10 McNair, , “International Legislation,” (1934) 19 Iowa L. Rev. 397.Google Scholar

11 Contra Brierly, , The Law of Nations 96 (6th ed., 1963):Google Scholar he States that “an international legislature, in the sense of a body having power to enact new international law binding on the states of the world or on their peoples, does not exist.”

12 Jones, , “Amending the Chicago Convention and its Technical Standards: Can Consent of All Member States be Eliminated?” (1949) 16 J. Air L. Com. 186–187 Google Scholar; Mankiewicz, , “Le rôle du Conseil de l’OACI comme administrateur des services de navigation aérienne,” (1954) 8 Rev. Franç. Dr. Aér. 223 Google Scholar; Pignochet, , L’Organisme le plus évolué du Droit International: La Commission Internationale de Navigation Aérienne 103 (1935);Google Scholar Potter, op. cit. supra note 7, at 209; Riches, , Majority Rule in International Organization 59 (1940).Google Scholar

13 See Marin, Gascon y, “Les transformations du droit administratif international,” (1930) 34 Hague Recueil 27.Google Scholar

14 Morellet, Legal Officer of ILO, as quoted by Gascon y Marin, ibid., at 31.

15 Bowett, , The Law of International Institutions 330–332 (1963).Google Scholar

16 Rasch, , Das Verhaeltnis der Internationalen Arbeitsorganisation zu den Mitgliedstaaten 70 (diss. Heidelberg, 1960).Google Scholar Contra Schwelb, , “The Amending Procedure of Constitutions of International Organizations,” (1954) 31 Brit. Yb. Int’l L. 58.Google Scholar

17 This procedure is called “contracting out” or “opting out.”

18 Contra Bowett, op. cit. supra note 15, at 125.

19 Standards are deemed to be practicable and necessary for the facilitation and the improvement of international air navigation.

20 Recommended practices are deemed to be generally practicable and highly desirable for the facilitation and the improvement of international air navigation.

21 Art. 38 of the Chicago Convention. The future Convention on Facilitation of International Maritime Traffic, which is under study in the Secretariat of IMCO, follows closely this pattern of procedure. See Erler, , “Regulatory Procedures of ICAO as a Model for IMCO,” (1964) 10 McGill L. J. No. 3.Google Scholar

22 See Riches, op. cit. supra note 12, at 71–76.

23 Bowett, op. cit. supra note 15, at 330–332.

24 Arbab-Zadeh, , Das Verhaeltnis der Weltgesundheitsorganisation zu den Mitgliedstaaten 94 (diss. Heidelberg, 1962).Google Scholar See also art. 18 of the Convention of the IAEA.

25 Art. 94, para, (b), of the Chicago Convention.

26 Pignochet, op. cit. supra note 12.

27 Art. 90 of the Chicago Convention.

28 Art. 12 of the Chicago Convention.

29 See Carroz, , “International Legislation on Air Navigation over the High Seas,” (1959) 26 J. Air L. Com. 158 et seq.Google Scholar

30 Legislation “pro foro interno” in the words of Kunz, , “General International Law and the Law of International Organizations,” (1953) 47 Am. J. Int’l L. 460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Contra Kelsen, , “La transformation du droit international en droit interne,” (1936) 43 Rev. Gén. Dr. Int’l Pubi. 47–48.Google Scholar

31 Bowett, op, cit. supra note 15, at 120.

32 In French “acte-condition.” The terms “specific reception” and “acceptance” are also used.

33 Seidl-Hohenveldern, , “Transformation or Adoption of International Law into Municipal Law,” (1963) 12 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

34 “Self-executing” or “self-executory” means a regulation complete in itself which requires no further action by the legislative or executive body to clarify it or render its provisions operative.

35 It seems that Bowett applies the term “international legislation” only to supra-national legislation. See op. cit. supra note 15, at 120.

36 See Seidl-Hohenveldern, , “Relation of International Law to Internal Law in Austria,” (1955) 49 Am. J. Int’l L. 468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

37 In the words of Rousseau, international law “est obligatoire en vertu de la ratification, exécutable en vertu de la promulgation, applicable en vertu de la publication”; see Rousseau, I, Principes Généraux de Droit International Public 403 (1944).Google Scholar

38 See Malintoppi, , “La fonction normative de l’OACI,” (1950) 13 Rev. Gén. Air 1050.Google Scholar

39 Free translation by the writer.

40 By means of anticipated adoption.

41 Regarding Switzerland, see Guldimann, , “Internationales Luftrecht 1950–1951” (1952) 9 Annuaire Suisse Dr. Int’l 301.Google Scholar

42 Regarding France, see Merle, op. cit. supra note 9, at 357.

43 The Civil Aviation Act, 1949, 12, 13 and 14 Geo. 6, c. 67, s. 8.