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Malaya/ Singapore/ Malaysia: Comments on State Competence, Succession and Continuity

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

L. C. Green
L. C. Green*
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton
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Extract

The Constitutional and international history of Singapore and Malaya have been chequered and hectic since the days of the Japanese occupation. Perhaps the most startling were the years from 1963 to 1965, the period during which Singapore ceased being a Crown Colony to form with Malaya the Federation of Malaysia and, when that experiment failed, to become an independent sovereign state within the Commonwealth.

It is the purpose of this paper to examine this history in order to extract those issues which are of interest from the point of view of state succession and the continuity of law, while at the same time paying attention to some of the problems of competence that occur in a federal state, especially one in which the component parts have only recently enjoyed independence.

Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 4 , 1966 , pp. 3 - 42
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1966

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References

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2 See Tregonning, K.G., A History of Modern Sabah (Singapore, 1965). Google Scholar

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8 9 & 10 Geo. 6, C.37.

9 S.R. & O., 1946, No. 464.

10 Ibid., No. 463. See also Malayan Union and Singapore, Cmd. 6724 and 6749 (1946).

11 Federation of Malaya O. in C., S.I. No. 108, Cmd. 7171 (1948).

12 Sultan of Johore v. Abubakar Tunku Aris Bendahar, [1952] A.C. 318.

13 In re Hirota and Others (1948), 15 I.L.R. 356.

14 II Oppenheim, International Law 218 (7th ed. Lauterpacht, 1952).

15 Harvard Draft Convention on Rights and Duties of States in Case of Aggression, Art. 5: “By becoming an aggressor, a State loses the right to require other States to perform the obligations of executory treaties, but is not relieved of the duty to perform the obligations of such treaties; executed treaties are not affected,” 33 Am. J. Int’l L., Supp. 828 (1939).

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21 (1819)4 Wheat. 246, 254; 4 L. Ed. 562, 564.

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26 [1907] A.C. 326, 328–29.

27 [1947] M.U.L.R. 80, affirmed 86; (1948) 15 Ann. Dig. 583, 585.

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29 [1948] S.C.R. 1; (1948) 15 Ann. Dig. 586.

30 Article 23(h) provides that “…it is especially forbidden... to declare abolished, suspended, or inadmissible in a court of law the rights and actions of the nationals of the hostile party.”

31 (1948) 15 Ann. Dig. 586-87. On Article 43 of the Hague Regulations, see text to supra note 17.

32 [1948] S.C.R. 12; 15 Ann. Dig. 587, 588–89.

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43 Ibid., 30, 33.

44 (1902) 184 U.S. 270.

45 (1957) 140 F. Supp. 845; 247 F 2d. 198; (1959) 170 F. Supp. 383.

46 (1947) 14 P.L.R. 461 ; 14 Ann. Dig. 42.

47 See, e.g. Jiday v. C.E.O. Haifa, supra note 28, for a discussion of the relations between Israel and Lebanon.

48 Supra note 12.

49 For a discussion of some of these cases, see Green, L.C., “The Status of Pakistan,” 6 Indian L.R. 66, 68 et seq. (1952).Google ScholarPubMed

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55 5 & 6 Eliz. a, c.6o.

56 Constitutional Proposals for the Federation of Malaya, Cmd. 201 (1957).

57 S.I. 108 of 1948.

58 See Federation of Malaya Independence Order in Council (No. 1533) 2 (1957).

59 Ibid., Sch. 1.

60 Section 38.

61 See Bal Shakri v. Bapusinghji Takhatsinghji, A.I.R. (45), Bombay 30; (1958-II) 26 I.L.R. 195.

62 Supra note 7.

63 Supra note 8.

64 The Times (London) ; July 17;, 1963.

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66 163 U.S. 537 (1896).

67 347 U.S. 483 (1954).

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85 Ibid., 16.

86 1958, 6 & 7 Eliz. 2, C.59.

87 1958, No. 1956.

88 (1870), 33 & 34 Vict, C.90.

89 See Fawcett, supra note 80, at 80.

90 10 Int’l & Comp. L.Q. 376 (1961); this report states that the communication was made on July 6, 1959, but gives the citation Singapore Gazette, Supp. No. 4 of April 7, 1959.

91 Cmd. 620 (1958).

92 See Johnson, D.H.N., “The Effect of Resolutions of the General Assembly of the United Nations,” 32 Brit. Yb. Int’l L. 97 (1955–56)Google Scholar; F.B. Sloan, “The Binding Force of a Recommendation of the General Assembly of the United Nations,” 25 ibid., 1 (1948); Virally, M., “La valeur juridique des recommendations des organisations internationales,” 2 Annuaire Français 66 (1956)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; South-West Africa (Voting Procedure) [1955] I.C.J. Rep. 67, Separate Opinion by Lauterpacht, 90, 115.

93 See supra note 82.

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99 1938, T.I.A.S., No. 4261.

100 Supra note 82.

101 Straits Times (Singapore), August 31, 1963. For a discussion of the allotment of non-permanent seats, see Green, L.G., “Gentlemen’s Agreements and the Security Council,” 13 Current Legal Problems 255 (1960)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; “Representation in the Security Council,” 11 Indian Yearbook of International Affairs 48 (1962).

102 See The Times (London), October 19, 1963, for reference to Malaysia as the Commonwealth candidate.

103 Straits Times, October 25, 1963.

104 Verbatim Minutes of Ninth Plenary Session, June 25, 1945, 1 UNCIO Documents 616–17, 620.

105 (1927) P.C.I.J., ser. A., No. 10; 2 W.C.R. 20, at 35.

106 (1923) P.C.I.J., ser. A., No. 1 ; 1 W.C.R. 163, at 175.

107 Straits Times, January 27, 1965.

108 Malaysia, Cmd. 2094 (1963). See also Federal Gazette, vol. 7, No. 16, August 13, 1963.

109 See, for other instances, Green, L.C., “Legal Aspects of the Sino-Indian Border Dispute,” No. 3 The China Quarterly 42, 43 et seq. (1960).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

110 Art. 6 (italics added).

111 Kelantan v. Federation of Malaya (1963), 23 M.L.J. 355; 3 Int. Legal Materials 132 (1964).

112 See review by State Advocate-General of Groves’ Constitution of Malaysia in 30 M.L.J. xcvii (1964).

113 1881, 44 & 45 Vict., c.69.

114 Public Prosecutor v. Anthony Wee Boon Chye (1965), 31 M.L.J. 189, 192–93.

115 [1951]. All India Rep. 517, 519.

116 (1949) 12, 13 & 14 Geo. 6, c.92.

117 [1952] 1 All E.R. 1060, 1062.

118 The Times (London), August 10, 1965.

119 Independence of Singapore Agreement, Singapore Government Gazette, vol. 7, No. 66, August 9, 1965; Siaran Akhbar (Kuala Lumpur), PEN. 8/65/109 (PM), August 9, 1965.

120 Enacted as No. 53 of 1965 on the afternoon of August 9, 1965 (secession was announced in the morning).

121 The Times (London), February 22, 1966.

122 [1965] 2 M.L.J. xxxvii.

123 Ibid.