Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-rdxmf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T20:54:49.433Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Validation of the RIS Eldercare Self-Efficacy Scale*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2010

Benjamin H. Gottlieb  and
Jennifer A. Rooney
Benjamin H. Gottlieb*
Affiliation:
University of Guelph
Jennifer A. Rooney
Affiliation:
University of Guelph
*
Requests for offprints should be sent to: / Les demandes de tirés-a-part doivent être adressées à : Professor Benjamin H. Gottlieb, Department of Psychology, College of Social & Applied Human Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This paper presents psychometric data on a new, three-dimensional measure of self-efficacy for caregivers of older adults. Based on a sample of family caregivers of persons with dementia and a longitudinal study design (Time 1: N = 134; Time 2: N = 103), the RIS Eldercare Self-Efficacy Scale assesses relational self-efficacy, instrumental self-efficacy, and self-soothing efficacy. These three dimensions show strong internal consistency and moderate test-retest reliability. Their construct validity is demonstrated by their zero-order correlations with a set of standardized indicators of the caregivers' health and morale, personality characteristics, and personal resources. Multivariate analyses suggest that the three dimensions are more strongly trait- than state-linked. Use of this measure as a clinical screening tool and in intervention research is discussed.

Résumé

Cette étude offre des données psychométriques d'une nouvelle mesure en trois dimensions des connaissances de ses propres capacités (l'auto-efficacité) de ceux qui s'occupent des personnes âgées. Á partir d'un échantillonnage des personnes occupant le rôle d'aide naturelle s'occupant de personnes souffrant de démence, et d'un modèle d'étude longitudinale (premier temps : N = 134 ; deuxième temps : N = 103), l'échelle RIS Eldercare Self-efficacy évalue l'auto-efficacité relationnelle, l'auto-efficacité instrumentale et l'efficacité auto-calmante. Ces trois dimensions démontrent une forte cohérence interne et une fiabilité modérée d'examen et de réexamen. La validité d'interprétation des trois dimensions est démontrée par leurs corrélations zéro-ordre, jumelées à des indices uniformisés de la santé et du moral de l'aide naturelle, de même que les caractéristiques de la personnalité et des ressources personnelles de cette dernière. L'analyse de variantes multiples suggère que les trois dimensions sont plutôt liées aux traits qu'à l'état. L'étude discute aussi de l'utilisation de cette mesure en tant qu'outil de dépistage clinique et pendant la recherche d'intervention.

Keywords

agingself-efficacyfamily caregiversdementiavalidation studyvieillissementauto-efficacitéaide naturelledémenceétude de validation de principe
Type
Articles
Information
Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , Spring/Printemps 2003 , pp. 95 - 107
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2003

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Thanks are expressed to the Alzheimer's Society of Canada for its generous support of the research reported in this study and to the Baycrest Centre for Geriatric Care and Circle of Care for their collaboration. A special thanks to Julia Johnson for her conscientious management of this project.

References

Refferrencces

Aneshensel, C.S., Pearlin, L.I., Mullan, J.T., Zarit, S.H., & Whitlatch, C.J. (1995). Profiles in caregiving: The unexpected career. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Bandura, A. (1982). Self-efficacy mechanism in human agency. American Psychologist, 37, 122–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bandura, A. (1997). Self-efficacy: The exercise of control. New York: Freeman & Company.Google Scholar
Bandura, A., Adams, N.E., Hardy, A.B., & Howells, G.N. (1980). Tests of the generality of self-efficacy theory. Cognitive Therapy and Research, 4, 39–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bass, D.M., Noelker, L.S., & Rechlin, L.R. (1996). The moderating influence of service use on negative caregiving consequences. Journal of Gerontology, 51B, S121–S131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bourgeois, M., Beach, S., Burgio, L., & Schulz, R. (1996). When primary and secondary caregivers disagree: Predictors and psychosocial consequences. Psychology and Aging, 11, 527–537.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bradburn, B. (1969). The structure of psychological well-being. Chicago: Aldine.Google Scholar
Carver, C.S., Spencer, S.M., & Scheier, M.F. (1998). Optimism, motivation, and health. In Encyclopedia of Mental Health (pp. 41–52). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., & Wills, T. (1985). Stress, social support and the buffering hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 98, 310–357.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Costa, P.T. Jr., & McCrae, R.R. (1992). Revised NEO personality inventory: Professional manual. Odessa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Crocker, L., & Algina, J. (1986). Introduction to classical and modern test theory. Orlando, FL: Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Dorfman, L.T., Holmes, C.A., & Berlin, K.L. (1996). Wife caregivers of frail elderly veterans: Correlates of caregiver satisfaction and caregiver strain. Family Relations, 45, 46–55.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gallagher, D., Wrabetz, A., Lovett, S., Del Maestro, S., & Rose, J. (1989). Depression and other negative affects in family caregivers. In Light, E. & Lebowitz, B.D. (Eds.), Alzheimer disease treatment and family stress: Directions for research (pp. 218–244). Rockville, MD: National Institute of Mental Health.Google Scholar
Gallant, M.P., & Connell, C.M. (1998). The stress process among dementia spouse caregivers. Research on Aging, 20, 267–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gignac, M.A., & Gottlieb, B.H. (1996). Caregivers' appraisals of efficacy in coping with dementia. Psychology and Aging, 11, 214–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gottlieb, B.H., & Gignac, M.A.M. (1996). Content and domain specificity of coping among family caregivers of persons with dementia. Journal of Aging Studies, 10(2), 137–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, B.H., & Johnson, J. (2000). Respite programs for caregivers of persons with dementia: A review with practice implications. Aging and Mental Health, 4(2), 119–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gottlieb, B.H., & Wolfe, J. (2002). Coping with family caregiving to persons with dementia: A critical review. Aging & Mental Health, 6(4), 325–342.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haley, W.E., Levine, E.G., Brown, S.L., & Bartolucci, A.A. (1987). Stress, appraisal, coping, and social support as predictors of adaptational outcome among dementia caregivers. Psychology & Aging, 2, 323–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haley, W.E., Roth, D.L., Coleton, M.I., Ford, G.R., West, C.A., Collins, R.P., & Isobe, T.L. (1996). Appraisal, coping, and social support as mediators of well-being in black and white family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 121–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holahan, C.K., & Holahan, C.J. (1987). Self-efficacy, social support, and depression in aging: A longitudinal analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 65–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooker, K., Frazier, L.D., & Monahan, D.J. (1994). Personality and coping among caregivers of spouses with dementia. The Gerontologist, 34, 386–392.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lachman, M. (1983). Perceptions of intellectual aging: Antecedent or consequences of intellectual functioning? Developmental Psychology, 19, 482–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lawton, M.P., Kleban, M.H., Moss, M., Rovine, M., & Glicks-man, A. (1989). Measuring caregiving appraisal. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 44, P61–P71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Manne, S., & Glassman, M. (2000). Perceived control, coping efficacy, and avoidance coping as mediators between spouses' unsupportive behaviors and cancer patients' psychological distress. Health Psychology, 19, 155–164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAvay, G.J., Seeman, T.E., & Rodin, J. (1996). A longitudinal study of change in domain-specific self-efficacy among older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 51, 243–253.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCrae, R.R., & Costa, P.T. Jr. (1996). Toward a new generation of personality theories: Theoretical contexts for the five-factor model. In Wiggins, J.S. (Ed.), The five-factor model of personality: Theoretical perspectives (pp. 51–87). New York: Guilford.Google Scholar
Menec, V.H., & Chipperfield, J.G. (1997). The interactive effect of perceived control and functional status on health and mortality among young-old and old-old adults. Journal of Gerontology, 52B, P118–P126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Motenko, A. (1988). The frustrations, gratifications, and well-being of dementia caregivers. The Gerontologist, 29, 166–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orbell, S., & Gillies, B. (1993). Factors associated with informal carers' preference not to be involved in caregiving. The Irish Journal of Psychology, 14, 99–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Patrick, J.H., & Hayden, J.M. (1999). Neuroticism, coping strategies, and negative well-being among caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 14, 273–283.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearlin, L.I., Mullan, J.T., Semple, S.J., & Skaff, M.M. (1990). Caregiving and the stress process: An overview of concepts and their measures. The Gerontologist, 30, 583–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Piedmont, R.L. (1998). The revised NEO personality inventory. New York: Plenum.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rodin, J., & McAvay, G. (1992). Determinants of change in perceived health in a longitudinal study of older adults. Journal of Gerontology: Psychological Sciences, 47, P373–P384.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Scheier, M.F., & Carver, C.S. (1985). Optimism, coping, and health: Assessment and implications of generalized outcome expectancies. Health Psychology, 4, 219–247.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Schulz, R., O'Brien, A.T., Bookwala, J., & Fleissner, K. (1995). Psychiatric and physical morbidity effects of dementia caregiving: Prevalence, correlates, and causes. The Gerontologist, 35, 771–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seeman, T., McAvay, G., Merill, S., Albert, M., & Rodin, J. (1996). Self-efficacy beliefs and change in cognitive performance: McArthur studies of successful aging. Psychology & Aging, 11, 538–551.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, T., Rodin, J., & Albert, M. (1993). Self-efficacy and cognitive performance in high functioning older individuals: MacArthur studies of successful aging. Journal of Aging and Health, 5, 455–474.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Semple, S.J. (1992). Conflict in Alzheimer's caregiving families: Its dimensions and consequences. The Gerontologist, 32, 648–655.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sheehan, N., & Nuttall, P. (1988). Conflict, emotion, and personal strain among family caregivers. Family Relations, 37, 92–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, E.A. (1996). A guide to constructs of control. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71, 549–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Spielberger, C.D. (1991). State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). Tampa, FL: Psychological Assessment Resources.Google Scholar
Spielberger, C.D., Johnson, E.H., Russell, S.F., Crane, R.J., Jacobs, G.A., & Worden, T.J. (1985). The experience and expression of anger: Construction and validation of an anger expression scale. In Chesney, M.S. & Rosenman, R.H. (Eds.), Anger and hostility in cardiovascular and behavioral disorders (pp. 5–30). Washington, DC: Hemisphere.Google Scholar
Stephens, M.A., Franks, M.M., & Townsend, A.L. (1994). Stress and rewards in women's multiple roles: The case of women in the middle. Psychology and Aging, 9, 45–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Teri, L., Truax, P., Logsdon, R., Uomoto, J., Zarit, S., & Vitaliano, P.P. (1992). Assessment of behavioral problems in dementia: The revised memory and behavior problems checklist. Psychology & Aging, 7, 622–631.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, E.H., Futterman, A.M., Gallagher-Thompson, D., Rose, J.M., & Lovett, S.B. (1993). Social support and caregiving burden in family caregivers of frail elders. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences, 48, S245–S254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velicer, W.F., & Jackson, D.N. (1990). Component analysis versus common factor analysis: Some issues in selecting an appropriate procedure. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 25, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vitaliano, P.P., Russo, J., Young, H.M., Teri, L., & Maiuro, R.D. (1991). Predictors of burden in spouse-caregivers of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Psychology and Aging, 6, 392–402.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ware, J.E., & Sherbourne, C.D. (1992). The MOS 36-item short-form health survey (SF-36). Part I, Conceptual framework and item selection. Medical Care, 30, 473–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williamson, G., & Schulz, R. (1993). Coping with specific stressors in Alzheimer's disease caregiving. The Gerontologist, 33, 747–755.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed