Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-l7hp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-27T20:59:47.188Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Spousal Loss: Depression, Anxiety and Well-Being after Grief Periods of Varying Lengths

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  29 November 2010

Jean Vézina
Affiliation:
Laval University
Paul Bourque
Affiliation:
University of Moncton
Yvon Bélanger
Affiliation:
University of Moncton

Abstract

A total of 59 bereaved elderly persons and 20 married elderly persons were asked to complete a series of questionnaires on depression, anxiety and well-being. The bereaved elderly persons were divided into three groups based on the length of time elapsed since the death of the spouse. The results showed that bereaved subjects were more depressed and anxious and that their well-being was generally inferior to their married counterparts; further, their emotional reactions persisted after many months of mourning and finally some of the bereaved seemed more at risk than others. These issues should be examined more thoroughly using longitudinal studies.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 1988

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

RÉFÉRENCES

Averill, J.R., Wisocki, P.A. (1981). Some observations on behavioral approaches to the treatment of grief among the elderly. Chap. 5. In Sobel, H.J. (ed.) Behavior therapy the terminal care: A humanistic approach. Cambridge: Ballinger Publishing.Google Scholar
Bergeron, J., & Landry, M. (1974). Études de fidèlité et de vahdié de l'adaptation fran¸aise du questionnaire d'anxiété STAI. Communication présentée au 18e congrès international de psychologie appliquée, Montrèal.Google Scholar
Bettis, S.K., & Scott, F.G. (1981). Bereavement and grief. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 2, 144159.Google Scholar
Bock, E.W., & Webber, I.L. (1972). Suicide among the elderly: Isolating widowhood and mitigating alternatives. Journal of Marriage and the Family, 34, 2431.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bornstein, P.E., Clayton, P.J., Halikas, J.A., Maurice, W.L., & Robins, E. (1973). The depression of widowhood after thirteen months. Journal of Psychiatry, 122, 561566.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bourque, P. & Beaudette, D. (1982). Étude psychométrique du questionnaire de dépression de Beck auprès d'un échantillon d'étudiants universitaires francophones. Revue canadienne des sciences du comportement, 14, 211218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breckenridge, J.N., Gallagher, D., Thompson, L.W., & Peterson, J. (1986). Characteristic depressive symptoms of bereaved elders. Journal of Gerontology, 41, 163168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Carey, R.G. (1977). The widowed: a year later. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 24, 125131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, P.J. (1974). Mortality and morbidity in die first year of widowhood. Archives of General Psychiatry, 30, 747750.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clayton, P.J., Halikas, J.A., & Maurice, W.L. (1972). The depression of widowhood. British Journal of Psychiatry, 120, 7178.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Conroy, R.C. (1977). Widows and widowhood. New York State Journal of Medecine, 77, 357360.Google ScholarPubMed
Faschingbauer, T.R. (1981). Texas Revised Inventory of Grief Manual. Houston: Honeycom Publishing.Google Scholar
Fenwick, R., & Barresi, CM. (1981). Health consequences of marital status change among the elderly: a comparison of cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Journal ofHealth and Social Behavior, 22, 106116.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ferraro, K., (19851986). The effect of widowhood on the health status of older persons. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 21, 925.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, D.E., Breckenridge, J.N., Thompson, L.W., Dessonville, C. & Amiral, P. (1982a). Similarities and differences between normal grief and depression in older adults, Essence, 5, 127140.Google Scholar
Gallagher, D.E., Breckenridge, J.N., Thompson, L.W., & Peterson, J.A. (1983). Effects of bereavement on indicators of mental health in elderly widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 565571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gallagher, D.E., Nies, G., & Thompson, L.W. (1982b). Reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory with older adults. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 50, 152153CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerber, I., Rusalem, R., Hannon, N., Battin, D., & Arkin, A. (1975). Anticipatory grief and aged widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology, 30, 225229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Helsing, K.J., & Szklo, M. (1981). Mortality after bereavement. American Journal of Epidemiology, 114, 4152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heyman, D.K., & Gianturco, D.T. (1973). Long term adaptation by the elderly to bereavement. Journal of Gerontology, 28, 359362.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmes, T.H., & Rahe, R.H. (1967). The social readjustment rating scale. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 11, 213218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, S., & Ostfeld, A. (1977). An epidemiological review of the mortality of bereavement. Psychosomatic Medicine, 39, 344359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Johnson, R.J., Lund, D.A. & Dimond, M.F. (1986). Stress, self-esteem and coping during bereavement among the elderly. Social Psychology Quarterly, 49, 273279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kessler, R.C., Price, R.H., & Wortman, C.B. (1985). Social factors in psychopathology: Stress, social support, and coping processes. Annual Review of Psychology, 36, 531572CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lazarus, R.S., & Launier, R. (1978). Stress-related transactions between person and environment. In Pervin, L.A. and Lewis, M. (Eds.), Perspective in interactional psychology New York: Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Maddison, D., & Viola, A. (1968). The health of widows in the year following bereavement. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 12, 297306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, C. M. (1964). Effects of bereavement on physical and mental health: A study of the case records of widows. British Medical Journal, 2, 274279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parkes, CM., (1970). The first year of bereavement. Psychiatry, 33, 444467.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkes, CM. (1985). Bereavement. British Journal of Psychiatry, 146, 1117.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Parkes, CM. & Brown, RJ. (1972). Health after bereavement; A controlled study of young Boston widows and widowers. Psychosomatic Medicine, 34, 449461.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reker, G.T., & Wong, P.T. (1984). Psychological and physical well-being in the elderly: The perceived well-being scale (PWB). Canadian Journal on Aging, 3, 2332.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skelskie, B.E. (1975). An exploratory study of grief in old age. Smith College Studies in Work, 4s), 159182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spielberger, CD.Gorsuch, R.L., & Luschene, R.E. (1967). State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Tallahassee: Florida State University.Google Scholar
Statistique Canada. (1984). Les personnes dgees au Canada. Ottawa.Google Scholar
Stroebe, M.S., & Stroebe, W. (1983). Who suffers more? Sex differences in health risks of the widowed. Psychological Bulletin, 93, 279301.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Thompson, L.W., Breckenridge, J.M., Gallagher, D., & Peterson, J. (1984). Effects of bereavement of self-perceptions of physical health in elderly widows and widowers. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 309314.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vachon, M.L., & Rogers, J. (1984). Primary prevention programming and widowhood. In Lumsden, D.P. (Ed.), Community mental health action: Primary prevention programming in Canada. Ottawa: The Canadian Public Health Association.Google Scholar
Vachon, M.L., Sheldon, A.R., Lancee, W.J., Lyall, W.A., Rogers, J., & Freeman, SJ. (1982a). Correlates of enduring distress patterns following bereavement: Social network, life situation and personality. Psychological Medicine, 12, 783788.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vachon, M.L., Rogers, J., Lyall, W.A., Lancee, W.J., Sheldon, A.R., & Freeman, SJ. (1982b). Predictors and correlates of adaptation to conjugal bereavement. American Journal of Psychiatry, 139, 9981002.Google ScholarPubMed