Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-2brh9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-23T22:20:59.879Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

From Social Control towards Political Self-Determination? Maori Seats and the Politics of Separate Maori Representation in New Zealand*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Augie Fleras
Affiliation:
University of Waterloo

Abstract

The principle of guaranteed parliamentary representation for the Maori remains a contentious feature of New Zealand's political structure. This concession originated in 1867 to solve the “Maori problem” by means consistent with the competing interests of government and Maori. But despite intrinsic drawbacks within the present system, neither Maoris nor the major political parties have initiated fundamental reforms in the design of Maori seats for fear of tampering with the status quo. Recently, with the resurgence of Maori assertiveness, developments have transpired aimed at redefining the status of separate representation. Whether or not this strategy for the political accommodation of minority groups can be transferred to other contexts—such as Canada—is open to debate.

Résumé

En Nouvelle-Zélande, le principe d'une représentation parlementaire statutaire pour les Maoris demeure un sujet de controverse. Cette garantie, accordée en 1867 pour résoudre le « problème maori », ne donne toujours pas entière satisfaction à chacune des parties, mais, au cours des ans, ni le gouvernement ni les Maoris n'ont montré d'empressement à remettre fondamentalement en question ce contrat social. Cependant, avec la récente resurgence des revendications maories, on commence à rediscuter de leur représentation parlementaire distincte. On peut se demander s'il n'y a pas dans ce débat sur la représentation parlementaire des minorités une analogie à tirer avec d'autres pays, notamment le Canada.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1985

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Halligan, J., “Continuity and Change in the New Zealand Parliament” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, 1980).Google Scholar

2 Jackson, W. J., New Zealand: Politics ofChange (Wellington: A. W. and A. H. Reed, 1973), 67.Google Scholar

3 Lipson, Leslie, The Politics of Equality: New Zealand's Adventures In Democracy (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1948). 3.Google Scholar

4 Mahuta, R., “Maori Political Representation: A Case for Change,” in Stokes, E. (ed.), “Maori Representation in Parliament,” Occasional Paper Number 14 (Hamilton: University of Waikato, 1981), 2425.Google Scholar

5 Davies, I., “Rights and Wrong. New Zealand: Land of Discrimination,” Canadian Forum 61 (1981/1982), 4243.Google Scholar

6 New Zealand, Book of Statutes, Preamble, the Maori Representation Act (1867).

7 Sally Weaver, “Towards a Comparison of National Political Organizations of Indigenous Peoples: Australia, Canada, and Norway,” paper delivered to the Institute of Social Sciences, University of Tromso, Norway, 1983, I.

8 Tanner, A., “Introduction: Canadian Indians and the Politics of Dependency,” in Tanner, A. (ed.), “The Politics of Indianness: Case Studies of Native Ethnopolitics in Canada,” Social and Economic Paper Number 12 (St. John's: Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University, 1983), 2223. See also “The Government of Aboriginal Peoples. A study prepared for the Sub-Committee on Indian Self-Govemment by the Policy Development Group in Ottawa” (1983).Google Scholar

9 Boldt, Menno and Long, J. Anthony, “Tribal Traditions and European-Western Political ideology: The Dilemma of Canada's Native Indians,” this JOURNAL 18 (1984), 547–48.Google Scholar

10 Indian Self-Covernmenl in Canada. The Special Committee of the House of Commons (Ottawa: Queens Printer, 1983), 135.Google Scholar

11 McLeay, E. M., “Political Arguments About Representation: The Case of the Maori Seats,” Political Studies 28 (1980), 4362CrossRefGoogle Scholar; A. McRobie, “Ethnic Representation: The New Zealand Experience,” in Stokes (ed.), “Maori Representation in Parliament,” 2–14; and Cleveland, L., The Politics of Utopia: New Zealand and Its Government (Wellington: Methuen, 1979), 117–18.Google Scholar

12 See the appendix at the end of this article for a brief explanation of the differences in criteria between Maori and general seats.

13 Ward, A., A Show of Justice: Racial ‘Amalgamation’ in Nineteenth Century New Zealand (Auckland: Oxford/Auckland University Press, 1973), 208–10.Google Scholar

14 Sorrenson, M. P. K., “How to Civilise Savages: Some ‘Answers’ From Nineteenth Century New Zealand,” The New Zealand Journal of History 9 (1975), 97110Google Scholar; and Sinclair, K., A History of New Zealand (2nd ed.; London: Allen Lane, 1980), 112–30.Google Scholar

15 New Zealand, House of Representatives, Debates (1874), 303–04.

16 R. N. Love, “Policies of Frustration: The Growth of Maori Politics. The Ratana/Labour Era” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Victoria University of Wellington, 1977).

17 Jackson, W. K. and Wood, G. A., “The New Zealand Parliament and Maori Representation,” Historical Studies: Australia and Neiv Zealand 11 (1964), 383–96.Google Scholar

18 Tukairangi, Taupo Chief, 1864.

19 New Zealand, House of Representatives, Debates (1867), 459; also (1965), 1809.

20 Sinclair, K., “The Aborigines Protection Society and New Zealand: A Study in Nineteenth Century Opinion” (M. A. thesis, Auckland University, 1946), 104–05.Google Scholar

21 McRobie, “Ethnic Representation: The New Zealand Experience,” 5–6; and R. Walker, “The Maori Minority and the Democratic Process,” paper delivered to the New Zealand Maori Council, 1979.

22 Jackson, New Zealand: Politics of Change, 68–71.

23 Levine, S., The New Zealand Political System (Sydney: George Allen and Unwin, 1979), 108.Google Scholar

24 McLean, S., “Maori Representation: 1905–1948” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Auckland University, 1950).Google Scholar

25 Dalziel, R. D., “The Politics of Settlement,” in Oliver, W. H. and Williams, B. R. (eds.). The Oxford History of New Zealand (Wellington: Oxford University Press, 1981), 9698.Google Scholar

26 Mitchell, A. V., Politics and People in New Zealand (Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs, 1969), 1621.Google Scholar

27 New Zealand, House of Representatives, Debates (1877), 524.

28 Ibid. (1862), 483–84.

29 Sorrenson, M. P. K., “The Politics of Land,” in Pocock, J. G. A. (ed.), The Maori and New Zealand Politics (Auckland: Blackwood and Janet Paul, 1965), 2145.Google Scholar

30 Walker, “The Maori Minority and the Democratic Process.”

31 Jackson, New Zealand: Politics of Change, 74; and Jackson and Wood, “The New Zealand Parliament and Maori Representation,” 387–88.

32 Love, “Policies of Frustration.”

33 McLean, “Maori Representation.”

34 Williams, J. A., Politics of the New Zealand Maori: Protest and Cooperation, 1891–1909 (London: Oxford University Press, 1969), 1415Google Scholar: Clarke, R., The Development of the New Zealand Constitution (Wellington: Department of Education, 1974); and McRobie, “Ethnic Representation: The New Zealand Experience,” 5–6.Google Scholar

35 Dalziel, “The Politics of Settlement,” 95–97.

36 Halligan, “Continuity and Change in the New Zealand Parliament.”

37 Ritchie, J. E., “The Grassroots of Maori Politics,” in Pocock, (ed.), The Maori and New Zealand Politics, 8086Google Scholar; Kernot, B., “Maori Strategies: Ethnic Politics in New Zealand,” in Levine, S. (ed.), New Zealand Politics: A Reader (Melbourne: Cheshire, 1975), 228–34Google Scholar; Parsonson, A., “The Pursuit of Mana,” in Oliver, and Williams, (eds.), The Oxford History of New Zealand, 140Google Scholar–67; and M. King, “Between Two Worlds,” ibid., 279–80.

38 Schwimmer, E., “The Maori and the Government,” in Schwimmer, E. (ed.), The Maori People in the Nineteen Sixties: A Symposium (Auckland: Longman Paul, 1972), 331.Google Scholar

39 King, “Between Two Worlds,” 290–91.

40 Jackson and Wood, “The New Zealand Parliament and Maori Representation,” 388.

41 Walker, R., “Motto: Mana Motuhake,” New Zealand Listener 95 (1981), 38.Google Scholar

42 McLean, “Maori Representation.”

43 King, M., Maori: A Photographic and Social History (Auckland: Heinemann, 1983), 159–65.Google Scholar

44 Walker, “The Maori Minority and the Democratic Process.”

45 Orange, C., “A King of Equality: Labour and the Maori People, 1935–1949” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Auckland University, 1977); and Love, “Policies of Frustration.”Google Scholar

46 Metge, A. J., The Maoris of New Zealand (rev. ed.; London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1976), 205–06.Google Scholar

47 Jackson, , New Zealand: Politics of Change, 71.Google Scholar

48 Walter Nash Papers, 24/3 (Wellington: Alexander Turnbull Archives, 1949).

49 Orange, “A Kind of Equality.”

50 Love, “Policies of Frustration.”

51 Ibid.

52 New Zealand Herald (Auckland), November 29, 1949.

53 Halligan, “Continuity and Change in the New Zealand Parliament.”

54 Mahuta, “Maori Political Representation.” See also E. Stokes, “A Review of the Literature on Maori Representation,” in Stokes (ed.), “Maori Representation in Parliament,” 65–85.

55 Christchurch Slot, November 2, 1983.

56 Levine, S. and Robinson, A., The New Zealand Voter—A Survey of Public Opinion and Electoral Behaviour (Wellington: Price Milbum, 1976), 9599.Google Scholar

57 Auckland Star, June 7, 1980.

58 New Zealand Herald (Auckland), February 3, 1984.

59 Christchurch Press, March 10, 1982.

60 Race Against Time, a report produced and developed by the Race Relations Conciliator (Wellington: Human Rights Commission, 1982).Google ScholarPubMed

61 McLeay, “Political Arguments About Representation.”

62 McRobie, “Ethnic Representation,” 5.

63 Metge, , The Maoris of New Zealand, 206.Google Scholar

64 New Zealand Herald (Auckland), February 13, 1982.

65 Ibid., August 29, 1981. The boundaries of Maori seats are now subject to regular revision by the Electoral Representation Commission on the basis of the total number of Maori voters registered on the Maori roll during 1982.

66 Ibid.

67 Mahuta, “Maori Political Representation,” 21; and McRobie, “Ethnic Representation,” 9.

68 Ibid., 11.

69 Wellington Evening Post, June 24, 1980.

70 Quoted in Jackson, , New Zealand: Politics of Change, 71.Google Scholar

71 New Zealand Herald(Auckland), June 23, 1984.

72 Walker, “The Maori Minority and the Democratic Process.”

73 Ibid.

74 Cleveland, , The Politics of Utopia, 118.Google Scholar

75 For further discussion, see Daniell, S., “Reform of the New Zealand Political System: How Likely Is It? A Survey of the Attitudes of the Members of the New Zealand Parliament to Reform Proposals,” Political Science (New Zealand) 35 (1983), 151–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

76 Report of the Proceedings of the Treaty of Waitangi Hui, Waitangi. February 4–6, 1985; see also “Maori Policy Statement,” unpublished draft statement by the New Zealand Labour Party (1984).

77 S. M. Mead, “A Pathway to the Future: He Ara Kite Aomaarama,” a revised paper presented to the New Zealand Planning Council, Wellington (1979).

78 Metge, , The Maoris of New Zealand, 206.Google Scholar

79 M. Searnacke, Vice-presidential Address to the National Party (Maori section), 1979, quoted in Mahuta, “Maori Political Representation,” 24.

80 Daniell, “Reform of the New Zealand Political System.”

81 New Zealand Herald (Auckland), March 28, 1981.

82 New Zealand, House of Representatives, Debates (1975), 2124.

83 Editorial, Te Maori(Maori newsjournal) Dec/Jan. 1980.

84 But see A. Simpson, “Redistributing the Maori Vote,” in Stokes (ed.), “Maori Representation in Parliament,” 29.

85 New Zealand Herald (Auckland), June 23, 1984.

86 Ibid., February 3, 1981.

87 Ibid., February 13, 1982.

88 Wellington Evening Post, November 5, 1980.

89 Ibid., March 5, 1984.

90 McRobie, “Ethnic Representation.”

91 Race Against Time.

92 R. J. Walker, “Nga Kaupapa O Mana Maori Motuhake,” unpublished policy document of Mana Maori Motuhake (1981); also Walker, R. J., “The Genesis of Maori Activism,” Journal of Polynesian Society 93 (1984), 267–82.Google Scholar

93 Wellington Evening Post. December 4, 1981.

94 Chapman, R., “New Zealand Defers Decision,” Comment: A New Zealand Quarterly Review (NS) 16 (1982), 1118; and the New Zealand Herald(Auckland), November 21, 1981.Google Scholar

95 Labour Party, “Maori Policy Statement.”

96 Weaver, “Towards a Comparison of National Political Organizations of Indigenous Peoples,” 109.

97 Race Against Time.

98 Indian Self-Government in Canada, 27–35.

99 Weaver, S. M., Making Canadian Indian Policy: The Hidden Agenda, 1968–1970 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1981), 171–89.Google Scholar

100 Sanders, D., “The Indian Lobby,” in Banting, Keith and Simeon, Richard (eds.), And No One Cheered (Toronto: Methuen, 1983), 301–32.Google Scholar

101 Boldt and Long, “Tribal Traditions and European-Western Political Ideology,” 548.

102 Weaver, “Towards a Comparison of National Political Organizations of Indigenous Peoples,” 110–11.

103 Central Interior Tribal Councils, Special 18.35, in Indian Self-Government in Canada, 135.

104 Association of Iroquois and Allied Indians, Special 16.28, ibid., 135.

105 Indian Self-Government in Canada, 135.

106 Ibid.

107 Weaver, “Towards a Comparison of National Political Organizations of Indigenous Peoples,” 109–14.

108 Ibid., 110.