Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-g8jcs Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-02T23:41:42.108Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Continental Divide and the Politics of Complex Sovereignty: Canada, The United States and the International Criminal Court

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2006

Adrian L. Jones
Adrian L. Jones*
Affiliation:
McMaster University
*
Adrian L. Jones, LL.B., Department of Political Science, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M4; [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

As a recent instance of transnational cooperation and governance, encompassing a novel combination of international and supranational legal properties, the International Criminal Court provides an instructive forum for considering increasingly complex sovereignty. This paper considers why Canada and the United States have pursued such divergent policies toward the Court. I argue that these postures are informed by their subjective conceptions of state sovereignty, a reflection of varying interests, values and capacities. As such, this case study illuminates factors that may influence patterns and limitations of transnational cooperation by states.

Résumé

Résumé

Comme exemple récent de coopération et de gouvernance transnationales, englobant une combinaison innovatrice de caractéristiques juridiques internationales et supranationales, la Cour pénale internationale constitue un forum instructif pour l'étude de la complexité croissante de la souveraineté. Cet article examine pourquoi le Canada et les États-Unis ont adopté des politiques aussi divergentes à l'égard de la Cour. J'avance que leurs positions sont fondées sur leurs notions subjectives de la souveraineté des États et qu'elles reflètent les divergences de leurs intérêts, de leurs valeurs et de leurs capacités. En définitive, cette étude de cas met en lumière les facteurs susceptibles d'influencer les modèles et les limites de la coopération transnationale entre les États.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 39 , Issue 2 , June 2006 , pp. 227 - 248
Copyright
Copyright © 2006 Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alvarez, Jose E. 2003. “The New Treaty Makers.” In International Law: Classic and Contemporary Readings, 2nd ed., eds. Ku, Charlotte and Diehl, Paul F.. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Annan, Kofi. 1999. “Two concepts of sovereignty.” The Economist, September 18–24.Google Scholar
Axworthy, Lloyd. 2003. Navigating a New World: Canada's Global Future. Toronto: Vintage Canada.Google Scholar
Behringer, Ronald M. 2005. “Middle Power Leadership on the Human Security Agenda.” Cooperation and Conflict: Journal of the Nordic International Studies Association 40(3): 305–342.Google Scholar
Broomhall, Bruce. 2003. International Justice & The International Criminal Court: Between Sovereignty and the Rule of Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Byers, Michael. 1999. Custom, Power and the Power of Rules: International Relations and Customary International Law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Byers, Michael. 2002. “Terror and the Future of International Law.” In Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of World Order, eds. Booth, Ken and Dunne, Tim. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2005a. Canada and the International Criminal Court. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2005b. A Role of Pride and Influence in the World. Canada's International Policy Statement. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/cip-pic/ips/ips_pdf-en.asp (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2005c. Human Security Agenda. http://www.humansecurity.gc.ca/menu-en.asp (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Department of Foreign Affairs. 2005d. ICC and Accountability Campaign. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/icc_campaign-en.asp (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Department of Justice. 2000. Crimes Against Humanity and War Crimes Act. http://laws.justice.gc.ca/en/C-45.9/text.html (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Office of the Prime Minister. 2004. Address by Prime Minister Paul Martin at the United Nations. September 22. http://www.pm.gc.ca/eng/news.asp?category=2&id=266 (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Canada. Privy Council Office. 2004. Securing an Open Society: Canada's National Security Policy. http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/default.asp?Language=E&Page=publications&Sub=natsecurnat&Doc=natsecurnat_e.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Cassese, Antonio. 2005. International Law, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, Ian. 1999. Globalization and International Relations Theory. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clinton, William J. 2002. Labour Party Conference, Remarks as Transcribed, October 2. http://clintonpresidentialcenter.org/100202-nr-sp-cf-spe-wjc-addresses-labour-party-conference.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Coalition for an International Criminal Court (CICC). 2006. State Signatures and Ratifications Chart. http://www.iccnow.org/countryinfo/worldsigsandratifications.html (January 19, 2006).Google Scholar
Cooper, Andrew. 2004. “The Making of the Inter-American Democratic Charter: A Case of Complex Multilateralism.” International Studies Perspectives 5: 92–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, Andrew, Higgot, Richard A. and Nossal, Kim R.. 1993. Relocating Middle Powers: Australia and Canada in a Changing World Order. Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Crawford, James. 2003. “The Drafting of the Rome Statute.” In From Nuremberg to The Hague: The Future of International Criminal Justice, ed. Sands, Philippe. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cronin, Bruce. 2003. Institutions for the Common Good: International Protection Regimes in International Society. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dempsey, Judy. 2002. “NATO hopefuls feel US pressure over ICC.” Financial Times, August 30.Google Scholar
European Union. 2004. Action Plan to Follow-Up on the Common Position on the International Criminal Court. http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/ICC48EN.pdf (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
European Union. 2003. Council Common Position on the International Criminal Court, June 16. http://ue.eu.int/uedocs/cmsUpload/l_15020030618en00670069.pdf (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Fehl, Caroline. 2004. “Explaining the International Criminal Court: A ‘Practice Test’ for Rationalist and Constructivist Approaches.” European Journal of International Relations 10(3): 357–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glasius, Marlies. 2006. The International Criminal Court: A global civil society achievement. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grande, Edgar and Pauly, Louis W.. 2005. “Complex Sovereignty and the Emergence of Transnational Authority.” In Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-first Century, eds. Grande, E. and Pauly, L.W.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gray, Colin. 2002. “World Politics as Usual after September 11: Realism Vindicated.” In Worlds in Collision: Terror and the Future of World Order, eds. Booth, Ken and Dunne, Tim. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar
Hollis, Martin and Smith, Steve. 1990. Explaining and Understanding International Relations. Oxford: Clarendon.Google Scholar
Human Rights First. 2004. “The Role of Human Rights NGOs in Relation to ICC Investigations.” Discussion Paper. http://www.humanrightsfirst.org/international_justice/pdf/NGO_Role_Discussion_Paper.pdf (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2004a. “The International Criminal Court: How Nongovernmental Organizations Can Contribute To the Prosecution of War Criminals.” Backgrounder. http://hrw.org/backgrounder/africa/icc0904/index.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2004b. “U.S. Congress Tries to Undermine War Crimes Court: Spending Provision Threatens Millions in Aid to ICC Countries.” News Release. http://hrw.org/english/docs/2004/12/08/usint9794_txt.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Hurrell, Andrew. 2000. “Conclusion: International Law and the Changing Constitution of International Society.” In The Role of Law In International Politics: Essays In International Relations and International Law, ed. Byers, Michael. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
International Commission on Intervention, and State Sovereignty. 2001. The Responsibility to Protect. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre.Google Scholar
International Criminal Court. 2004. Negotiated Relationship Agreement between the International Criminal Court and the United Nations. http://www.icc-cpi.int/library/asp/ICC-ASP-3-Res1_English.pdf (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
International Criminal Court. 2006a. Situations and Cases. http://www.icc-cpi.int/cases.html (January 19, 2006).Google Scholar
International Criminal Court. 2006b. States Parties. http://www.icc-cpi.int/statesparties.html (January 19, 2006).Google Scholar
James, Alan. 1999. “The Practice of Sovereign Statehood in Contemporary International Society.” In Sovereignty at the Millennium, ed. Jackson, Robert. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar
Keating, Tom. 2001. Canada and the World Order: The Multilateralist Tradition in Canadian Foreign Policy, 2nd ed. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Keohane, Robert O. 2002. “International institutions: can interdependence work?” In Power and Governance in a Partially Globalized World, ed. Keohane, R.O.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Kerry, John and Edwards, John. 2004. Our Plan for America: Stronger at Home, Respected in the World. http://www.johnkerry.com (September 15, 2004, no longer available).Google Scholar
Kittichaisaree, Kriangsak. 2001. International Criminal Law. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Koshy, Ninan. 2003. “India Joins U.S.'s ‘Hague Invasion’.” Foreign Policy in Focus, January 6. http://www.fpif.org/outside/commentary/2003/0301icc_body.html (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Krisch, Nico. 2003. “Weak as Constraint, Strong as Tool: The Place of International Law in U.S. Foreign Policy.” In Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: International Perspectives, eds. Malone, David M. and Khong, Yuen Foong. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Lauria, Joe. 2004. “Kerry opposes role in tribunal: US concerns not yet met he says.” Boston Globe, October 5.Google Scholar
Lawler, Peter. 2005. “The Good State: In Praise of ‘Classical’ Internationalism.” Review of International Studies 31: 427–449.Google Scholar
Leopold, Evelyn. 2002. “UN Signs Pact with New World Court Opposed by US.” The New Zealand Herald, October 5.Google Scholar
Malone, David. 2003. “A Decade of U.S. Unilateralism?” In Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: International Perspectives, eds. Malone, and Khong, Yuen Foong. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Manual for Ratification, and Implementation of the Rome Statute, 2nd ed. 1996. A Joint Project of the International Centre for Human Rights and Democratic Development and the International Centre for Criminal Law Reform and Criminal Justice Policy. http://www.dfait-maeci.gc.ca/foreign_policy/icc/icc_implement_manual-en.asp (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Murphy, John F. 2004. The United States and the Rule of Law in International Affairs. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagan, Winston P. and Hammer, Craig. 2004. “The Changing Character of Sovereignty in International Law and International Relations.” Columbia Journal of Transnational Law 43: 141–187.Google Scholar
Nolte, Georg. 2003. “The United States and the International Criminal Court.” In Unilateralism and U.S. Foreign Policy: International Perspectives, eds. Malone, David and Khong, Yuen Foong. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers.Google Scholar
Pauly, Louis W. and Grande, Edgar. 2005. “Reconstituting Political Authority: Sovereignty, Effectiveness, and Legitimacy in a Transnational Order.” In Complex Sovereignty: Reconstituting Political Authority in the Twenty-first Century, eds. Grande, E. and Pauly, L.W.. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Ruggie, John Gerard. 1998. Constructing the World Polity: Essays on International Institutionalization. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Reus-Smit, Christian. 2004. “Society, Power, and Ethics.” In The Politics of International Law, ed. Reus-Smit, C.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court, 17 July 1998 (UN Doc. A/CONF.183./9).Google Scholar
Sands, Philippe. 2005. Lawless Worlds: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules. London: Penguin Books Ltd.Google Scholar
Schabas, William A. 2001. An Introduction to the International Criminal Court. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Simpson, Gerry. 2004. Great Powers and Outlaw States: Unequal Sovereigns in the International Legal Order. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sorensen, Georg. 2001. Changes in Statehood: The Transformation of International Relations. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave.Google Scholar
Stephan, Paul. 2004. “US Constitutionalism and International Law: What the Multilateralist Move Leaves Out.” Journal of International Criminal Justice 2: 11–16.Google Scholar
Taylor, Paul. 1999. “Proactive Cosmopolitanism and the Issue of Sovereignty.” In Sovereignty at the Millennium, ed. Jackson, Robert. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd.Google Scholar
United Nations. 1998a. Final Act Of the United Nations Diplomatic Conference Of Plenipotentiaries On The Establishment Of An International Criminal Court. Rome, Italy, June 15–July 17, 1998 (UN Doc. A/CONF.183/10*).Google Scholar
United Nations. 1998b. Speeches/Statements. Notes for an Address by the Hon. Lloyd Axworthy Minister of Foreign Affairs, Canada. Rome Conference, June 15. http://www.un.org/icc/speeches/615can.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United Nations. 2002. Security Council Resolution 1422. Adopted on July 12. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N02/477/61/PDF/N0247761.pdf?OpeElement (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United Nations. 2005a. Report of the International Commission of Inquiry on Darfur to the United Nations Secretary-General. January 25. http://www.ohchr.org/english/docs/darfurreport.doc (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United Nations. 2005b. Security Council Resolution 1593. Adopted on March 31. http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N05/292/73/PDF/N0529273.pdf?OpenElement (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United Nations Charter (1 UNTS xvi: UKTS (1946) 67).Google Scholar
United States. Department of Defense. 2002. Secretary Rumsfeld Statement on the ICC Treaty. News release, May 6. http://www.defenselink.mil/releases/2002/b05062002_bt233-02.html (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2002a. International Criminal Court: Letter to UN Secretary General Kofi Annan. Richard Boucher, press statement, May 6. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2002/9968.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2002b. The International Criminal Court. Fact sheet, Office of War Crimes Issues, May 6. http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/fs/2002/23426.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2002c. “The United States and the International Criminal Court.” John R. Bolton, under secretary for Arms Control and International Security, remarks to the Federalist Society, November 14. http://www.state.gov/t/us/rm/15158.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2003a. Article 98 Agreements. Richard Boucher, press statement, September 23. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/24331.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2003b. “American Justice and the International Criminal Court.” John R. Bolton, under secretary of state for Arms Control and International Security, remarks at the American Enterprise Institute, November 3. http://www.state.gov/t/us/rm/25818.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2003c. Frequently Asked Questions About the U.S. Government's Policy Regarding the International Criminal Court. Fact sheet, July 30. http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/fs/23428.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2005a. Press briefing, Richard Boucher, March 31. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2005/44087.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2005b. Status of Forces Agreements. http://usembassy-australia.state.gov/hyper/2000/0104/epf210.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. Department of State. 2005c. “U.S. Signs 100th Article 98 Agreement.” Press release, May 3. http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2005/45573.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. House of Representatives. 2002. American Servicemember's Protection Act, H.R. 4775, 107th Congress (2nd Session, 2002). http://www.state.gov/t/pm/rls/othr/misc/23425.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. The White House. 2002. The National Security Strategy of the United States of America. http://www.whitehouse.gov/nsc/nssall.html (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
United States. The White House. 2000. Presidential Statement on Signature of the ICC Treaty. Statement by the President, William Jefferson Clinton, December 31. http://www.clintonfoundation.org/legacy/123100-presidential-statement-on-signature-the-icc-treaty.htm (September 30, 2005).Google Scholar
Wendt, Alexander. 1992. “Anarchy is What States Make of It: The Social Construction of Power Politics.” International Organization 46(2): 391–425.Google Scholar