Hostname: page-component-669899f699-swprf Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-25T02:23:49.012Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Rationale for Use of Dopamine Agonists in Parkinson's Disease: Review of Ergot Derivatives

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 December 2014

Pierre J. Blanchet
Pierre J. Blanchet*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal and CHUM/Campus St. Luc, Montréal (Québec), Canada
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

While dopamine agonists are still traditionally used as adjunct medications to improve performance and smooth out motor response complications in advanced levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease, they are increasingly used in monotherapy or early in combination with levodopa particularly in patients under 65 years of age. Long-term studies using bromocriptine showed efficacy in lowering the cumulative levodopa dose and reducing the early incidence of levodopa-related motor response complications. New dopamine agonists have recently shown efficacy as adjunct medications in short-term trials. While we now have more options to fit our individual patients' needs and tolerance, it is important to view the new agonists in the light of the results obtained with ergot derivatives. In this article, the rationale for use and efficacy profile of the ergolines are briefly reviewed.

Résumé

RÉSUMÉ

Les agonistes dopaminergiques sont traditionnellement utilisés comme adjuvants dans le but d'améliorer la performance et réduire les fluctuations motrices observées chez les malades dopa-traités aux stades avancés de la maladie de Parkinson. Toutefois, ils sont de plus en plus prescrits précocément dans la maladie, en monothérapie ou en combinaison avec la L-DOPA, surtout chez les malades de moins de 65 ans. Les essais clin-iques prolongés avec la bromocriptine ont bien montré son efficacité à réduire la dose cumulative de L-DOPA util-isée et à diminuer l'incidence précoce des complications motrices associées à la dopathérapie. De nouveaux agonistes non dérivés de l'ergot de seigle ont récemment démontré leur efficacité lors d'essais cliniques de courte durée, nous donnant davantage de choix pour maîtriser les signes et symptômes de la maladie et les problèmes d'intolérance pré-coce. Il apparaît opportun de revoir les indications du traitement agoniste et les effets des dérivés de l'ergot de sei-gle dans la maladie de Parkinson en attendant la publication d'études cliniques contrôlées comparant les nouveaux agonistes aux premiers mis sur le marché.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 26 , Issue S2 , August 1999 , pp. S21 - S26
Copyright
Copyright © The Canadian Journal of Neurological 1999

References

1. Blunt, SB, Jenner, P, Marsden, CD. Suppressive effect of L-Dopa on dopamine cells remaining in the ventral tegmental area of rats previously exposed to the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine. Mov Disord 1993; 8: 129–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
2. Fukuda, T, Watabe, K, Tanaka, J. Effects of bromocriptine and/or L-DOPA on neurons in substantia nigra of MPTP-treated C57BL/6 mice. Brain Res 1996; 728: 274–276.Google ScholarPubMed
3. Agid, Y. Levodopa – Is toxicity a myth? Neurology 1998; 50: 858–863.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
4. Trabucchi, M, Spano, PF, Tonon, GC, Frattola, L. Effects of bromocriptine on central dopaminergic receptors. Life Sci 1976; 19: 225–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5. Markstein, R, Herrling, PL, Bürki, HR, Asper, H, Ruch, W. The effect of bromocriptine on rat striatal adenylate cyclase and rat brain monoamine metabolism. J Neurochem 1978; 31: 1163–1172.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6. Quik, M, Iversen, LL. Subsensitivity of the rat striatal dopaminergic system after treatment with bromocriptine: effects on [3H]spiper-one binding and dopamine-stimulated cyclic AMP formation. Naunyn-Schmied Arch Pharmacol 1978; 304: 141–145.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7. Gopinathan, G, Horowski, R, Suchy, IH. Lisuride pharmacology and treatment of Parkinson’s disease. In: Calne, DB, ed. Drugs for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Berlin Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1989; chap 19, 471–513.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
8. Fariello, RG, Carfagna, N, Buonamici, M, Dubini, A. Cabergoline: a long-acting D2 agonist with antiparkinsonian properties – preclin-ical studies. Ann Neurol 1991: 30: 258.Google Scholar
9. Goldstein, M, Lieberman, A, Lew, JY, et al. Interaction of pergolide with central dopaminergic receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1980; 77: 3725–3728.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10. Andersen, PH, Jansen, JA. Dopamine receptor agonists: selectivity and dopamine D1 receptor efficacy. Eur J Pharmacol – Molec Pharmacol Sect 1990; 188: 335–347.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11. Wachtel, H. Antiparkinsonian dopamine agonists: a review of the pharmacokinetics and neuropharmacology in animals and humans. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 1991; 3: 151–201.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12. De Keyser, J, De Backer, J-P, Wilczak, N, Herroelen, L. Dopamine agonists used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease and their selectivity for the D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptors in human striatum. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol & Biol Psychiat 1995; 19: 1147–1154.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13. Gershanik, O, Heikkila, RE, Duvoisin, RC. Behavioral correlations of dopamine receptor activation. Neurology 1983; 33: 1489–1492.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
14. Carlson, JH, Bergstrom, DA, Walters, JR. Stimulation of both D1 and D2 dopamine receptors appears necessary for full expression of postsynaptic effects of dopamine agonists: a neurophysiological study. Brain Res 1987; 400: 205–218.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15. Rouillard, C, Bédard, PJ. Specific D1 and D2 dopamine agonists have synergistic effects in the 6-hydroxydopamine circling model in the rat. Neuropharmacology 1988; 27: 1257–1264.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
16. Robertson, HA. Synergistic interactions of D1- and D2-selective dopamine agonists in animal models for Parkinson’s disease: sites of action and implications for the pathogenesis of dyskinesias. Can J Neurol Sci 1992; 19: 147–152.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17. Gomez-Mancilla, B, Boucher, R, Gagnon, C, et al. Effect of adding the D1 agonist CY 208–243 to chronic bromocriptine treatment. I: Evaluation of motor parameters in relation to striatal catecholamine content and dopamine receptors. Mov Disord 1993; 8: 144–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18. Vermeulen, RJ, Drukarch, B, Sahadat, MCR, et al. The dopamine D1 agonist SKF 81297 and the dopamine D2 agonist LY 171555 act synergistically to stimulate motor behavior of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned parkinsonian rhesus monkeys. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 664–672.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19. Temlett, JA, Chong, PN, Oertel, WH, Jenner, P, Marsden, CD. The D-1 dopamine receptor partial agonist, CY 208-243, exhibits antiparkinsonian activity in the MPTP-treated marmoset. Eur J Pharmacol 1988; 156: 197–206.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20. Taylor, JR, Lawrence, MS, Redmond, DE Jr, et al. Dihydrexidine, a full dopamine D1 agonist, reduces MPTP-induced parkinsonism in monkeys. Eur J Pharmacol 1991; 199: 389–391.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21. Blanchet, P, Bédard, PJ, Britton, DR, Kebabian, JW. Differential effect of selective D-1 and D-2 dopamine receptor agonists on levodopa-induced dyskinesia in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-exposed monkeys. J Pharmacol Exp Therap 1993; 267: 275–279.Google Scholar
22. Temlett, JA, Quinn, NP, Jenner, PG, et al. Antiparkinsonian activity of CY 208–243, a partial D-1 dopamine receptor agonist, in MPTP-treated marmosets and patients with Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1989; 4: 261–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
23. Rascol, O, Blin, O, Descombes, S, et al. ABT-431, a selective D1 agonist has efficacy in patients with Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1997; 48: A269-A270.Google Scholar
24. Blanchet, PJ, Fang, J, Gillespie, M, et al. Effects of the full dopamine D1 receptor agonist dihydrexidine in Parkinson’s disease. Clin Neuropharmacol (in press).Google Scholar
25. Sautel, F, Griffon, N, Lévesque, D, et al. A functional test identifies dopamine agonists selective for D3 versus D2 receptors. NeuroReport 1995; 6: 329–332.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26. Eisler, T, Hall, RP, Kalavar, KAR, Calne, DB. Erythromelalgia-like eruption in parkinsonian patients treated with bromocriptine. Neurology 1981; 31: 1368–1370.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27. McElvaney, NG, Wilcox, PG, Churg, A, Fleetham, JA. Pleuropulmonary disease during bromocriptine treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Arch Intern Med 1988; 148: 2231–2236.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28. Bédard, PJ, Di Paolo, T, Falardeau, P, Boucher, R. Chronic treatment with L-DOPA, but not bromocriptine induces dyskinesia in MPTP-parkinsonian monkeys. Correlation with [3H]spiperone binding. Brain Res 1986; 379: 294–299.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29. Chase, TN, Engber, TM, Mouradian, MM. Contribution of dopaminergic and glutamatergic mechanisms to the pathogenesis of motor response complications in Parkinson’s disease. In: Battistin, L, Scarlato, G, Caraceni, T, Ruggieri, S, eds. Advances in Neurology, vol 69: Drugs for the Treatment of Parkinson’s Disease. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 62, 497–501.Google Scholar
30. Mouradian, MM, Heuser, IJE, Baronti, F, Chase, TN. Modification of central dopaminergic mechanisms by continuous levodopa therapy for advanced Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 27: 1823.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31. Baronti, F, Mouradian, MM, Davis, TL, et al. Continuous lisuride effects on central dopaminergic mechanisms in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1992; 32: 776–781.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32. Engber, TM, Susel, Z, Kuo, S, Gerfen, CR, Chase, TN. Levodopa replacement therapy alters enzyme activities in striatum and neuropeptide content in striatal output regions of 6-hydroxy-dopamine lesioned rats. Brain Res 1991; 552: 113–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
33. Juncos, JL, Engber, TM, Raisman, R, et al. Continuous and intermittent levodopa differentially affect basal ganglia function. Ann Neurol 1989; 25: 473–478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34. Soghomonian, J-J, Pedneault, S, Blanchet, PJ, et al. L-DOPA regulates glutamate decarboxylases mRNA levels in MPTP-treated monkeys. Mol Brain Res 1996; 39: 237–240.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35. Morissette, M, Goulet, M, Soghomonian, J-J, et al. Preproenkephalin mRNA expression in the caudate-putamen of MPTP monkeys after chronic treatment with the D2 agonist U91356A in continuous or intermittent mode of administration: comparison with L- DOPA therapy. Mol Brain Res 1997; 49: 55–62.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36. Doucet, J-P, Nakabeppu, Y, Bédard, PJ, et al. Chronic alterations in dopaminergic neurotransmission produce a persistent elevation of FosB-like protein(s) in both rodent and primate striatum. Eur J Neurosci 1996; 8: 365–381.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37. Calon, F, Goulet, M, Blanchet, PJ, et al. Levodopa or D2 agonist induced dyskinesia in MPTP monkeys: correlation with changes in dopamine and GABAA receptors in the striatopallidal complex. Brain Res 1995; 680: 43–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38. Engber, TM, Susel, Z, Juncos, JL, Chase, TN. Continuous and intermittent levodopa differentially affect rotation induced by D-1 and D-2 dopamine agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1989; 168: 291–298.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39. Blanchet, PJ, Gomez-Mancilla, B, Bédard, PJ. DOPA-induced “peak dose” dyskinesia: clues implicating D2 receptor-mediated mechanisms using dopaminergic agonists in MPTP monkeys. J Neural Transm 1995; 45(Suppl): 103–112.Google ScholarPubMed
40. Gagnon, C, Bédard, PJ, Di Paolo, T. Effect of chronic treatment of MPTP monkeys with dopamine D-1 and/or D-2 receptor agonists. Eur J Pharmacol 1990; 178: 115–120.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41. Grondin, R, Bédard, PJ. Cabergoline: a promising agent for the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. CNS Drug Rev 1996; 2: 214–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42. Bédard, PJ, Gomez-Mancilla, B, Blanchet, P, et al. Role of selective D-1 and D-2 agonists in inducing dyskinesia in drug-naive MPTP monkeys. In: Narabayashi, H, Nagatsu, T, Yanagisawa, N, Mizuno, Y, eds. Advances in Neurology, Vol 60: From Basic Research to Treatment. New York: Raven Press, 1993, chap 16, 113–118.Google Scholar
43. Blanchet, PJ, Grondin, R, Bédard, PJ. Dyskinesia and wearing-off following dopamine D1 agonist treatment in drug-naive 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine-lesioned primates. Mov Disord 1996; 11: 91–94.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44. Goulet, M, Grondin, R, Blanchet, PJ, Bédard, PJ, Di Paolo, T. Dyskinesias and tolerance induced by chronic treatment with a D1 agonist administered in pulsatile or continuous mode do not correlate with changes of putaminal D1 receptors in drug-naive MPTP monkeys. Brain Res 1996; 719: 129–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
45. Quinn, N, Critchley, P, Marsden, CD. Young onset Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1987; 2: 73–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
46. Langston, JW, Ballard, P. Parkinsonism induced by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP): implications for treatment and the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11(Suppl): 160–165.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47. Bergmann, KJ, Mendoza, MR, Yahr, MD. Parkinson’s disease and long-term levodopa therapy. In: Yahr, MD, Bergman, KJ, eds. Advances in Neurology, Vol 45: Parkinson’s Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1986, 463–467.Google Scholar
48. Block, G, Liss, C, Reines, S, et al. Comparison of immediate-release and controlled release carbidopa/levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. A multicenter 5-year study. Eur Neurol 1997; 37: 23–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49. Clarke, CE, Boyce, S, Sambrook, MA, Crossman, AR. Timing of levodopa therapy: evidence from MPTP-treated primates. Lancet 1987; 1: 625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50. Schneider, JS. Levodopa-induced dyskinesias in parkinsonian monkeys: relationship to extent of nigrostriatal damage. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 34: 193–196.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51. Blanchet, PJ, Allard, P, Grégoire, L, Tardif, F, Bédard, PJ. Risk factors for peak dose dyskinesia in 100 levodopa-treated parkinsonian patients. Can J Neurol Sci 1996; 23: 189–193.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52. Rascol, A, Guiraud, B, Montastruc, JL, David, J, Clanet, M. Long-term treatment of Parkinson’s disease with bromocriptine. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1979; 42: 143–150.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
53. Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. Sustained bromocriptine therapy in previously untreated patients with Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1981; 44: 1020–1023.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54. Bergamasco, B, Benna, P, Scarzella, L. Long-term bromocriptine treatment of de novo patients with Parkinson’s disease. A seven-year follow-up. Acta Neurol Scand 1990; 81: 383–387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
55. Montastruc, JL, Rascol, O, Senard, JM, Rascol, A. A randomized controlled study comparing bromocriptine to which levodopa was later added, with levodopa alone in previously untreated patients with Parkinson’s disease: a five year follow up. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 1034–1038.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56. Hely, MA, Morris, JGL, Reid, WGJ, et al. The Sydney multicentre study of Parkinson’s disease: a randomized, prospective five year study comparing low dose bromocriptine with low dose levodopa-carbidopa. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1994; 57: 903–910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57. Yanagisawa, N, Kanazawa, I, Goto, I, et al. Seven-year follow-up study of bromocriptine therapy for Parkinson’s disease. Eur Neurol 1994; 34(Suppl 3): 29–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58. Riopelle, RJ, Gawel, M, Libman, I, et al. A double-blind study of bromocriptine and L-dopa in de novo Parkinson’s disease: results of six months. In: Fahn, S, Marsden, CD, Goldstein, M, Calne, DB, eds. Recent developments in Parkinson’s disease, Vol 2. Florham Park: Macmillan Healthcare Information, 1987, 215–219.Google Scholar
59. Olanow, CW, Alberts, MJ, Stajich, J, Burch, G. A randomized blinded study of low-dose bromocriptine versus low-dose carbidopa/levodopa in untreated Parkinson’s patients. In: Fahn, S, Marsden, CD, Goldstein, M, Calne, DB, eds. Recent Developments in Parkinson’s Disease, Vol 2. Florham Park: Macmillan Healthcare Information, 1987, 201–208.Google Scholar
60. Parkinson’s Disease Research Group in the United Kingdom. Comparisons of therapeutic effects of levodopa, levodopa and selegiline, and bromocriptine in patients with early, mild Parkinson’s disease: three year interim report. Br Med J 1993; 307: 469–472.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
61. Agid, Y, Pollak, P, Bonnet, AM, Signoret, JL, Lhermitte, F. Bromocriptine associated with a peripheral dopamine blocking agent in treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet 1979; 1: 570–572.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
62. Mear, J-Y, Barroche, G, de Smet, Y, et al. Pergolide in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1984; 34: 983–986.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63. Lieberman, A, Goldstein, M, Neophytides, A, et al. Lisuride in Parkinson’s disease: efficacy of lisuride compared with levodopa. Neurology 1981; 31: 961–965.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64. Rinne, UK, Bracco, F, Chouza, C, et al. Cabergoline in the treatment of early Parkinson’s disease: results of the first year of treatment in a double-blind comparison of cabergoline and levodopa. Neurology 1997; 48: 363–368.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65. Runge, I, Horowski, R. Can we differentiate symptomatic and neuroprotective effects in parkinsonism? The dopamine agonist lisuride delays the need for levodopa therapy to a similar extent as reported for deprenyl. J Neural Transm [P-D Sect] 1991; 4: 273–283.Google Scholar
66. Langtry, HD, Clissold, SP. Pergolide: a review of its pharmacological properties and therapeutic potential in Parkinson’s disease. Drugs 1990; 39: 491–506.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67. Ahlskog, JE, Muenter, MD, Maraganore, DM, et al. Fluctuating Parkinson’s disease. Treatment with the long-acting dopamine agonist cabergoline. Arch Neurol 1994; 51: 1236–1241.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68. Rinne, UK. Combined bromocriptine-levodopa therapy early in Parkinson’s disease. Neurology 1985; 35: 1196–1198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69. Rinne, UK. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease: a 5-year follow-up. Neurology 1987; 37: 826–828.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70. Giménez-Roldán, S, Tolosa, E, Burguera, JA, et al. Early combination of bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson’s disease: a prospective randomized study of two parallel groups over a total follow-up period of 44 months including an initial 8-month double-blind stage. Clin Neuropharmacol 1997; 20: 67–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
71. Przuntek, H, Welzel, D, Blümner, E, et al. Bromocriptine lessens the incidence of mortality in L-Dopa-treated parkinsonian patients: prado-study discontinued. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1992; 43: 357–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
72. Factor, SA, Weiner, WJ. Early combination therapy with bromocriptine and levodopa in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1993; 8: 257–262.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73. Rajput, AH, Stern, W, Laverty, WH. Chronic low-dose levodopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: an argument for delaying levodopa therapy. Neurology 1984; 34: 991–996.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74. Poewe, WH, Lees, AJ, Stern, GM. Low-dose L-dopa therapy in Parkinson’s disease: a 6-year follow-up study. Neurology 1986; 36: 1528–1530.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75. Lieberman, AN, Gopinathan, G, Hassouri, H, Neophytides, A, Goldstein, M. Should dopamine agonists be given early or late? A review of nine years experience with bromocriptine. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 233–237.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
76. Grimes, JD. Bromocriptine in Parkinson’s disease: results obtained with high and low dose therapy. Can J Neurol Sci 1984; 11: 225–228.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77. Lieberman, AN, Gopinathan, G, Neophytides, A, Goldstein, M. Management of levodopa failures: the use of dopamine agonists. Clin Neuropharmacol 1986; 9: S9-S21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
78. Olanow, CW, Fahn, S, Muenter, M, et al. A multicenter double-blind placebo-controlled trial of pergolide as an adjunct to Sinemet® in Parkinson’s disease. Mov Disord 1994; 9: 40–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
79. Ahlskog, JE, Muenter, MD. Pergolide: long-term use in Parkinson’s disease. Mayo Clin Proc 1988; 63: 979–987.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
80. Tanner, CM, Goetz, CG, Glantz, RH, Klawans, HL. Pergolide mesylate: four years experience in Parkinson’s disease. In: Yahr, MD, Bergman, KJ, eds. Advances in Neurology, Vol 45: Parkinson’s Disease. New York: Raven Press, 1986, 547–549.Google Scholar
81. Facca, A, Sanchez-Ramos, J. High-dose pergolide monotherapy in the treatment of severe levodopa-induced dyskinesias. Mov Disord 1996; 11: 327–341.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82. Factor, SA, Sanchez-Ramos, JR, Weiner, WJ. Parkinson’s disease: an open label trial of pergolide in patients failing bromocriptine therapy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 529–533.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83. Goetz, CG, Tanner, CM, Glantz, RH, Klawans, HL. Chronic agonist therapy for Parkinson’s disease: a 5-year study of bromocriptine and pergolide. Neurology 1985; 35: 749–751.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
84. Lieberman, AN, Goldstein, M. Treatment of advanced Parkinson’s disease with dopamine agonists. In: Marsden, CD, Fahn, S, eds. Movement Disorders, Vol 2. London: Butterworth & Co (Publishers) Ltd, 1981: 146–165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
85. Parkes, JD, Schachter, M, Marsden, CD, Smith, B, Wilson, A. Lisuride in parkinsonism. Ann Neurol 1981; 9: 48–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
86. Lera, G, Vaamonde, J, Muruzabal, J, Obeso, JA. Cabergoline: a long-acting dopamine agonist in Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol 1990; 28: 593–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
87. Felten, DL, Felten, SY, Fuller, RW, et al. Chronic dietary pergolide preserves nigrostriatal neuronal integrity in aged-Fischer-344 rats. Neurobiol Aging 1992; 13: 339–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
88. Lange, KW, Rausch, W-D, Gsell, W, et al. Neuroprotection by dopamine agonists. J Neural Transm 1994; 43(Suppl): 183–201.Google ScholarPubMed
89. Ogawa, N, Tanaka, K-i, Asanuma, M, et al. Bromocriptine protects mice against 6-hydroxydopamine and scavenges hydroxyl free radicals in vitro. Brain Res 1994; 657: 207–213.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
90. Lichter, D, Kurlan, R, Miller, C, Shoulson, I. Does pergolide slow the progression of Parkinson’s disease? A 7-year follow-up study. Neurology 1988; 38(Suppl 1): 122.Google Scholar
91. Zimmerman, T, Sage, JI. Comparison of combination pergolide and levodopa to levodopa alone after 63 months of treatment. Clin Neuropharmacol 1991; 14: 165–169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed