Hostname: page-component-f554764f5-c4bhq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-04-19T10:59:13.575Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Preserved Simple and Impaired Compound Movement After Infarction in the Territory of the Superior Cerebellar Artery

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2015

H.P. Goodkin ,
J.G. keating ,
T.A. Martin  and
W.T. Thach
H.P. Goodkin*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Rehabilitation Research Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
J.G. keating*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Rehabilitation Research Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
T.A. Martin*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Rehabilitation Research Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
W.T. Thach*
Affiliation:
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Rehabilitation Research Institute, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri
*
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Neurology and Neurosurgery, and The Irene Walter Johnson Rehabilitation Research Institute, Box 8108, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO, U.S.A. 63110
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

A patient with an infarct in the distribution of the right superior cerebellar artery was studied with regard to his ability to make simple movements (visually triggered, self-terminated ballistic wrist movements), and compound movements (reaching to a visual target and precision pinch of a seen object). Movements on the right side of the body alone were affected. Control movements were made by the normal left upper extremity. Wrist movement on the right side was normal in reaction time, direction, peak velocity, and end-point position control ascompared to the left. By contrast, both reaching and pinching movements on the right were impaired. Reaching movements showed marked decomposition of the compound elbow-shoulder movement into seriatim simple movements madealternately at elbow and shoulder. Pinching movements were not made, and instead winkling movements (a movement of index alone) were substituted. These results are compared to similar results of controlled inactivation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in monkeys. We conclude that one function of the cerebellum may be to combine elements in the movement repertoires of downstream movement generators. When that ability is lost, a strategy may be voluntarily adopted of using the preserved simple movements in place of the impaired compound movements.

Type
Abstract
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 20 , Issue S3 , May 1993 , pp. S93 - S104
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1993

References

REFERENCES

1.Babinski, J.De l’asynergie cerebelleuse. Rev Neurol 1899; 7: 806–816.Google Scholar
2.Babinski, J.Asynergie et inertie cerebelleuses. Rev Neurol 1906; 14: 685–686.Google Scholar
3.Holmes, G.The cerebellum of man. The Hughlings Jackson memorial lecture. Brain 1939; 62: 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
4.Fluorens, P.Recherches experimentales sur les proprietes et les fonctions du systeme nerveux, dans les animaux vertebres. Paris: Cervot, 1824.Google Scholar
5.Beppu, H, Suda, M, Tanaka, R.Analysis of cerebellar motor disor ders by visually-guided elbow tracking movements. Brain 1984; 107: 787–809.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
6.Becker, WJ, Morrice, BL, Clark, AW, Lee, RG.Multi-joint reaching movements and eye-hand tracking in cerebellar incoordination: investigation of a patient with complete loss of Purkinje cells. Can J Neurol Sci 1991; 18: 476–487.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
7.Flament, D, Hore, J.Movement and electromyographic disorders associated with cerebellar dysmetria. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55: 1221–1233.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
8.Brown, SH, Hefter, H, Mertens, M, Freund, H-J.Disturbances in human arm movement trajectory due to mild cerebellar dysfunction. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1990; 53: 306–313.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Hallett, MB, Shahani, BT, Young, RR.EMG analysis of patients with cerebellar deficits. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1975; 38: 1154–1162.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Becker, WJ, Kunesch, E, Freund, H-J.Coordination of a multijoint movement in normal humans and in patients with cerebellar dysfunction. Can J Neurol Sci 1990; 17: 264–274.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Thach, WT.Discharge of cerebellar neurons related to two main tained postures and two prompt movements. I. Nuclear cell output. J Neurophysiol 1970; 33: 527–536.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
12.Thach, WT.Discharge of cerebellar neurons related to two main tained postures and two prompt movements. II. Purkinje cell output and input. J Neurophysiol 1970; 33: 537–547.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
13.Thach, WT.Timing of activity in the cerebellar dentate nucleus and cerebral motor cortex during prompt volitional movement. Brain Res 1975; 169: 168–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Thach, WT.Correlation of neural discharge with pattern and force of muscular activity, joint position, and direction of intended next movement in motor cortex and cerebellum. J Neurophysiol 1978; 41: 654–676.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Lamarre, Y, Spidalieri, G, Chapman, CE.A comparison of neuronal discharge recorded in the sensori-motor cortex, parietal cortex, and dentate nucleus of the monkey during arm movements triggered by light, sound or somesthetic stimuli. Exp Brain Res Suppl 1983: 7: 140–156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Fortier, PA, Kalaska, JF, Smith, AM.Cerebellar neuronal activity related to whole-arm reaching movements in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1989; 62: 198–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Soechting, JF, Burton, JE, Onoda, N.Relationships between sensory input, motor output and unit activity in interpositus and red nuclei during intentional movement. Brain Res 1978; 152: 65–79.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
18.Kane, SA, Mink, JW, Thach, WT.Fastigial, interposed, and dentate cerebellar nuclei: somatotopic organization and the movements differentially controlled by each. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1988; 14: 954.Google Scholar
19.Kane, SA, Goodkin, HP, Keating, JG, Thach, WT.Incoordination in attempted reaching and pinching after inactivation of cerebellar dentate nucleus. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1989; 15: 52.Google Scholar
20.Thach, WT, Goodkin, HP, Keating, JG.Cerebellum and the adaptive coordination of movement. Ann Rev Neurosci 1992; 15: 403–442.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Goodkin, HP, Thach, WT.Mechanism of recovery from cerebellar incoordination. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1990; 16: 1317.Google Scholar
22.Asanuma, C, Thach, WT, Jones, EG.Anatomical evidence for segregated focal groupings of efferent cells and their terminal ramifications in the cerebellothalamic pathway of the monkey. Brain Res Rev 1983; 5: 267–297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Asanuma, C, Thach, WT, Jones, EG.Distribution of cerebellar terminations and their relation to other afferent terminations in the ventral lateral thalamic region of the monkey. Brain Res Rev 1983; 5: 237–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
24.Thach, WT, Perry, JG, Schieber, MH.Cerebellar output: body maps and muscles spindles. In: Palay, SL, Chan-Palay, V, eds. The Cerebellum - New Vistas. New York: Springer-Verlag 1982; 440–454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Amarenco, P., Hauw, JJ.Anatomie des arteres cerebelleuses. Rev Neurol (Paris) 1989; 145: 267–276.Google Scholar
26.Amarenco, P, Hauw, JJ.Cerebellar infarction in the territory of the superior cerebellar artery: a clinicopathologic study of 33 cases. Neurology 1990; 40: 1383–1390.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Vilis, T, Hore, J.Effects of changes in mechanical state of limb on cerebellar intention tremor. J Neurophysiol 1977; 40: 1214–1224.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
28.Vilis, T, Hore, J.Central neuronal mechanisms contributing to cerebellar tremor produced by limb perturbations. J Neurophysiol 1980; 43:279–291.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Schieber, MH, Thach, WT.Trained slow tracking. II. Bidirectional discharge patterns of cerebellar nuclear, motor cortex, and spindle afferent neurons. J Neurophysiol 1985; 55: 1228–1270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Meyer-Lohman, J, Hore, J, Brooks, VB.Cerebellar participation in generation of prompt arm movements. J Neurophysiol 1977; 40: 1038–1050.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
31.Spidalieri, HJ, Busby, L, Lamarre, Y.Fast ballistic arm movements triggered by visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli in the monkey. II. Effects of unilateral dentate lesion on discharge of pre-central cortical neurons and reaction. J Neurophysiol 1983; 50: 1359–1379.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.Mink, JW, Thach, WT.Basal ganglia motor control. 2) Late pallidal timing relative to movement onset and inconsistent pallidal coding of movement parameters. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 301–329.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Mink, JW, Thach, WT.Basal ganglia motor control. 3) Pallidal ablation: normal reaction time, muscle cocontraction, and slow movement. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 330–351.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Hore, J, Wild, B, Diener, H-C.Cerebellar dysmetria at elbow, wrist, and fingers. J Neurophysiol 1991; 65: 563–571.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
35.Strick, PL.The influence of motor preparation on the response of cerebellar neurons to limb displacements. J Neurosci 1983; 3: 2007–2020.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Smith, AM, Bourbonnais, D.Neuronal activity in cerebellar cortex related to control of prehensile force. J Neurophysiol 1981; 45: 286–303.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
37.Frysinger, RC, Bourbonnais, D, Kalaska, JF, Smith, AM.Cerebellar cortical activity during antagonist cocontraction and reciprocal inhibition of forearm muscles. J Neurophysiol 1984; 51: 32–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Wetts, R, Kalaska, JF, Smith, AM.Cerebellar nuclear cell activity during antagonist cocontraction and reciprocal inhibition of forearm muscles. J Neurophysiol 1985; 54: 231–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Chapman, EC, Spidalieri, G, Lamarre, Y.Activity of dentate neurons during arm movements triggered by visual, auditory, and somesthetic stimuli in the monkey. J Neurophysiol 1986; 55: 203–225.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.MacKay, A.Cerebellar nuclear activity in relation to simple movements. Exp Brain Res 1988; 71: 47–58.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Schieber, MH, Thach, WT.Trained slow tracking. I. Muscular production of wrist movement. J Neurophysiol 1985; 55: 1213–1227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
42.Miller, RG, Freund, HJ.Cerebellar dyssynergia in humans—a quantitative analysis. Ann Neurol 1980; 8: 574–579.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Sanes, JN, Lewitt, PA, Mauritz, K-A.Visual and mechanical control of postural and kinetic tremor in cerebellar system disorders. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1988; 51: 934–943.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Gauthier, GM, Vercher, J-L, Mussa Ivaldi, F, Marchetti, E.Oculo-manual tracking of visual targets: control learning, coordination control and coordination model. Exp Brain Res 1988; 73: 127–137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Gauthier, GM, Mussa Ivaldi, F.Oculo-manual tracking of visual tar gets in monkey: role of the arm afferent information in the control of arm and eye movements. Exp Brain Res 1988; 73: 138–154.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
46.Vercher, J-L, Gauthier, GM.Cerebellar involvement in the coordination control of the oculo-manual tracking system: effects of cerebellar dentate nucleus lesion. Exp Brain Res 1988; 73: 155–166.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
47.Nieuwenhuys, R, Voogd, J, van Huijzen, Chr.The Human Central Nervous System. Berlin: Springer-Verlag. 3rd Edition 1988.Google Scholar
48.Woodworth, RS.The accuracy of voluntary movement. Psychological monographs 1899; 3: 1–114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
49.Morasso, P.Spatial control of arm movements. Exp Brain Res 1981; 42: 223–227.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
50.Abend, W, Bizzi, E, Morasso, P.Human arm trajectory formation. Brain 1982; 105: 331–349.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
51.Soechting, JF, Laquaniti, F.Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man. J Neurosci 1981; 1: 710–720.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
52.Hollerbach, JM, Atkeson, CG.Characterization of joint-interpolated arm movements. Exp Brain Res Suppl 1986; 15: 41–54.Google Scholar
53.Gilman, S, Carr, D, Hollenberg, J.Kinematic effects of deafferentation and cerebellar ablation. Brain 1976; 99: 311–330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
54.Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF.Functional localization in the cerebellum of primates. II. Lesions of midline structures (vermis) and deep nuclei. J Comp Neurol 1938; 69: 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
55.Sprague, JM, Chambers, WW.Regulation of posture in intact and decerebrate cat. I Cerebellum, reticular formation, and vestibular nuclei. J Neurophysiol 1953; 16:451–463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
56.Botterell, EH, Fulton, JF.Functional localization in the cerebellum of primates. III. Lesions of hemispheres (neocerebellum). J Comp Neurol 1938; 69: 63–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
57.Chambers, WWSprague, JM.Functional localization in the cerebellum. I. Organization in longitudinal corticonuclear zones and their contribution to the control of posture, both extrapyramidal and pyramidal. J Comp Neurol 1955; 103: 105–129.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
58.Chambers, WW, Sprague, JM.Functional localization in the cerebellum. II. Somatic organization in cortex and nuclei. Arch Neurol Psychiatry 1955; 74: 653–680.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
59.Beaubaton, D, Trouche, E.Participation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus in the control of a goal-directed movement in monkeys. Effects of reversible or permanent dentate lesion on the duration and accuracy of a pointing response. Exp Brain Res 1982; 46: 127–138.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
60.Rispal-Padel, L, Circirata, F, Pons, C.Cerebellar nuclear topography of simple and synergistic movements in the alert baboon. Exp Brain Res 1982; 47: 365–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
61.Rispal-Padel, L, Cicirata, F, Pons, J-C.Neocerebellar synergies. Exp Brain Res Suppl 1983; 7: 213–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
62.MacKay, WA.Unit activity in the cerebellar nuclei related to arm reaching movements. Brain Res 1988; 442: 240–254.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
63.Asanuma, C, Thach, WT, Jones, EG.Brainstem and spinal projections of the deep cerebellar nuclei in the monkey, with observations on the brainstem projections of the dorsal column nuclei. Brain Res Rev 1983; 5: 299–322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
64.Schell, GR, Strick, PL.The origin of thalamic inputs to the arcuate premotor and supplementary motor areas. J Neurosci 1983; 4: 539–560.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
65.Orioli, PJ, Strick, PL.Cerebellar connections with the motor cortex and the arcuate premotor area: an analysis employing retrograde transneuronal transport of WGA-HRP. J Comp Neurol 1989; 288: 612–626.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
66.Asanuma, H.The pyramidal tract. In: Brooks, VB, ed. Handbook of Physiology, The Nervous System, Section 1 1981; 2: 702–733.Google Scholar
67.Cheney, PD, Fetz, EE.Functional classes of primate corticomotoneuronal cells and their relation to active force. J Neurophysiol 1980; 44: 773–791.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
68.Fetz, EE, Cheney, PD.Postspike facilitation of forelimb muscle activity by primate corticomotoneuronal cells. J Neurophysiol 1980; 44: 751–772.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
69.Muir, RB, Lemon, RN.Corticospinal neurons with a special role in precision grip. Brain Res 1983; 261: 312–316.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
70.Schieber, MH.Motor fields of motor and premotor cortex neurons in the rhesus monkey during independent finger movements. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1988; 14: 821.Google Scholar
71.Ghez, C, Vicario, D.Discharge of red nucleus during isometric muscle contraction: activity patterns and correlations with isometric force. J Physiol (Paris) 1978; 74: 283–285.Google ScholarPubMed
72.Kohlerman, NJ, Gibson, AR, Houk, JC.Velocity signals related to hand movements recorded from red nucleus neurons in monkeys. Science 1982; 217: 857–860.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
73.Lawrence, DG, Kuypers, HGJM.The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. I. The effects of bilateral pyramidal lesions. Brain 1968; 91: 1–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Lawrence, DG, Kuypers, HGJM.The functional organization of the motor system in the monkey. II. The effects of lesions of the descending brainstem pathways. Brain 1968; 91: 15–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
75.Schieber, MH, Kim, L, Thach, WT.Muscimol in monkey area 4 impairs individuated finger movements, in area 6 produces contralateral neglect. Soc Neurosci Abstr 1991; 17: 1021.Google Scholar
76.Mugnaini, E.The length of cerebellar parallel fibers in chicken and rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 1983; 220: 7–15.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
77.Rondot, P, Bathien, N, Toma, S.Physiopathology of cerebellar move ment. In: Massion, J, Sasaki, K, eds. Cerebro-cerebellar Interactions. Amsterdam: Elsevier 1979; 203–230.Google Scholar
78.Alstermark, B, Lindstrom, S, Lundberg, A, Sybirska, E.Integration in descending motor pathways controlling the forelimb in the cat. Ascending projection to the lateral reticular nucleus from C3 - C4 - propriospinal neurons also projecting to forelimb motor neurons. Exp Brain Res 1981; 42: 282–298.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKay, WA, Murphy, JT.Cerebellar modulation of reflex gain. Prog Neurobiol 1979; 13: 361–417.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed