Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-24T17:43:35.143Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Security, Sovereignty, and Non-State Governance “From Below”

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2014

John Lea  and
Kevin Stenson
John Lea
Affiliation:
Crime and Conflict Research Centre, Middlesex University (London), Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, EN3 4SA,United Kingdom, email: [email protected]
Kevin Stenson
Affiliation:
Crime and Conflict Research Centre, Middlesex University (London), Queensway, Enfield, Middlesex, EN3 4SA,United Kingdom, email: [email protected]
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Governmentality scholars document the new, pluralistic, post-Keynesian modes of public governance linking State and non State agencies. This emphasis on “governance from above” needs to be complemented by a focus on “governance from below” by non State actors, especially in urban areas. “Governance from below” may involve actors ranging from commercial organisations and citizens' initiatives, to organised crime and paramilitary networks operating as sites beyond the jurisdiction of sovereign law and public authorities within and between countries. In both rich and poor countries these may be antagonistic to but may also become enrolled in forms of public governance. This paper challenges the view that governance from below fills the vacuum left by the retreat of the central nation State. Rather, these developments signify complex forms of re-articulation of relations of governance from above and below, which may at times strengthen the legal authority of the central State.

Résumé

Les chercheurs en gouvernementalité explorent les nouveaux modes post-keynesiens et pluralistes de la gouverne publique en articulant les organismes étatiques et non-étatiques. L'insistance sur la «gouvernance d'en haut» doit être complétée, notamment dans les espaces urbains, par celle dévolue à la «gouvernance d'en bas» par des acteurs non-étatiques. La «gouvernance d'en bas» peut impliquer des acteurs allant d'associations commerciales et d'initiatives populaires au crime organisé et aux réseaux paramilitaires opérant dans les villes, au-delà de la souveraineté de l'État, au sein et entre les nations. Dans les pays riches et pauvres, de telles pratiques peuvent être conflictuelles mais peuvent aussi être inscrites dans des formes de gouverne publique. Cet article conteste l'idée que la gouvernance d'en bas comble un vide laissé par le désengagement de l'État-nation. Ces développements témoignent plutôt de complexes formes de réarticulation de la gouvernance d'en haut comme d'en bas, qui peuvent parfoir renforcer l'autorité légale de l'État.

Type
Urban Governance and Legality from Below/Gouvernance Urbaine et Légalité d'en Bas
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 22 , Issue 2 , August 2007 , pp. 9 - 27
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association 2007

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Rose, N. & Miller, P., “Political Power beyond the State: Problematics of Government” (1992) 43 The British Journal of Sociology 173CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stenson, K., “Crime control, governmentality and sovereignty” in Governable places: Readings in governmentality and crime control, ed., Smandych, R. (Dartmouth: Ashgate, 1999)Google Scholar [Stenson, “Crime”]; Stenson, K., “Reconstructing the Government of Crime” in Rethinking Law, Society and Governance: Foucault's Bequest, eds., Wickham, & Pavlich, (Oxford: Hart, 2001)Google Scholar [Stenson, “Reconstructing”]; Wood, J. & Dupont, B., Democracy, Society and the Governance of Security (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Loader, I. & Mulcahy, A., Policing and the Condition of England: Memory, Politics and Culture (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Stenson, K., “Beyond histories of the present” (1998) 27 Economy and Society 333Google Scholar [Stenson, “Beyond”].

4 Stenson, K., “The New Politics of Crime Control” in Crime Risk and Justice, the politics of crime control in liberal democracies, eds., Stenson, K. & Sullivan, R. (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2001)Google Scholar.

5 Bobbitt, P., The Shield of Achilles: War, Peace, and the Course of History (London: Allen Lane, 2002)Google Scholar.

6 Stenson, K. & Edwards, A., “Crime control and local governance: the struggle for sovereignty in advanced liberal polities” (2003) 9 Contemporary Politics 203CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

7 Dean, M., “Powers of Life and Death Beyond Governmentality” (2002) 6 Cultural ValuesCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lea, J., Crime and Modernity (London: Sage Publications, 2002)Google Scholar [Lea, Crime]; Stenson, “Beyond”, supra note 3.

8 Clegg, S., Power, Rule and Domination, a Critical and Empirical Understanding of Power in Sociological Theory and Organisational Life (London: Routledge, 1975)Google Scholar.

9 Foucault, M., “Governmentality,” in Burchell, G., Gordon, C. & Miller, P., eds., The Foucault Effect: Studies in Governmentality (Brighton: Harvester, 1991)Google Scholar [Burchell, The Foucault Effect]; Hunter, I., “Uncivil society: liberal government and the deconfessionalisation of politics” in Dean, M. & Hindess, B., eds., Governing Australia. Studies in Contemporary Rationalities of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Stenson, K., “Framing the Governance of Urban Space” in Atkinson, R. & Helms, G., eds., Securing an Urban Renaissance: Crime, Community and British Urban Policy (Bristol: Policy Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

10 Jessop, R., State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in its Place (Cambridge: Polity, 1996)Google Scholar.

11 J. Donzelot, “The Mobilization of Society,” in Burchell, The Foucault Effect, ibid.

12 Rostow, W., The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990)Google Scholar.

13 O'Malley, P., “Risk, Power and Crime Prevention” (1992) 21 Economy and Society 252CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Galbraith, J. K., The Culture of Contentment (London: Sinclair-Stevenson, 1992)Google Scholar.

15 Strange, S., The Retreat of the State: the Diffusion of Power in the World Economy (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 Osborne, D. & Gaebler, T., Reinventing Government: How the Entrepreneurial Spirit is Transforming the Public Sector (New York: Addison-Wesley, 1992)Google Scholar.

17 Rose, N., “The death of the social? Re-figuring the territory of government” (1996) 25 Economy and Society 327CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Garland, D., The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)Google Scholar.

18 Braithwaite, J. & Drahos, P., Global Business Regulation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

19 Lea, J., “From Brixton to Bradford: Ideology and Discourse on Race and Urban Violence in the United Kingdom” in Gilligan, G. & Pratt, J., eds., Crime, Truth and Justice (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2004)Google Scholar.

20 Duffield, M., Global Governance and the New Wars: the Merging of Development and Security (London: Zed Books, 2001)Google Scholar; Cox, R., “Critical Political Economy” in Bjorn, H. & Cox, R., eds., International Political Economy: Understanding Global Disorder (London: Zed Books, 1995)Google Scholar; Harrison, G., “The World Bank, Governance and Theories of Political Action in Africa” (2005) 7 The British Journal of Politics and International Relations 240CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kiely, R., “Neoliberalism Revised? A Critical Account of World Bank Conceptions of Good Governance and Market Friendly Intervention” (1998) 28 International Journal of Health Services: Planning, Administration, Evaluation 683CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed.

21 Johnston, L. & Shearing, C., Governing Security: Explorations in Policing and Justice (London: Routledge, 2003)Google Scholar; Singh, A., “Private Security and Crime Control” (2005) 9 Theoretical Criminology 153CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 2002, c. 30.

23 Wood, J. & Shearing, C., Imagining Security (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2007)Google Scholar.

24 Stenson, “Reconstructing”, supra note 1.

25 Stenson, “Beyond”, supra note 3; Loader, I. & Walker, N., “State of Denial? Rethinking the Governance of Security” (2004) 6 Punishment & Society 221CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 Stenson, K., “Sovereignty, Biopolitics and the Local Government of Crime in Britain” (2005) 9 Theoretical Criminology 265CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Stenson, “Crime”, supra note 1; Lea, Crime, supra note 7.

28 Rose, N. & Valverde, M., “Governed By Law?” (1998) 7 Social & Legal Studies 541CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ewick, P. & Silbey, S., The Common Place of Law: Stories from Everyday Life (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998)Google Scholar; Garavito, C. & de Sousa Santos, B., Law and Globalization from Below: Towards a Cosmopolitan Legality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.

29 Hutter, B., The Role of Non-State Actors in Regulation (London: London School of Economics-Centre for Analysis of Risk and Regulation, 2006)Google Scholar; Braithwaite & Drahos, supra note 18.

30 Shearing, C., “Punishment and the changing face of the governance” (2001) 3 Punishment & Society 203CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Johnston & Shearing, supra note 21.

31 Davis, M., City of Quartz: Excavating the Future in Los Angeles (London: Verso, 1990)Google Scholar; Caldeira, T., “Fortified Enclaves: The New Urban Segregation” (1996) 8 Public Culture 303CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Caldeira, T., City of Walls: Crime, Segregation, and Citizenship in São Paulo (University of California Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

32 Wakefield, A., Selling Security: The Private Policing of Public Space (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2003)Google Scholar; Sheptycki, J., “Insecurity, Risk Suppression and Segregation: Some Reflections on Policing in the Transnational Age” (1997) 1 Theoretical Criminology 303CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Bottoms, A. & Wiles, P., “Environmental Criminology” in Maguire, M., Morgan, R. & Reiner, R., The Oxford Handbook of Criminology (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1997)Google Scholar; Christopherson, S., “The Fortress City: Privatized Spaces, Consumer Citizenship” in Amin, A., ed., Post-Fordism: A Reader (Oxford: Blackwell, 1994)Google Scholar.

33 Stenson, K. & Edwards, A., “Policy Transfer in Local Crime Control: Beyond Naïve Emulation,” in Newburn, T. & Sparks, R., eds., Criminal Justice and Political Cultures: National and International Dimensions of Crime Control (Cullompton: Willan Publishing, 2004)Google Scholar; Hughes, G., The Politics of Crime and Community (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Daly, K., “Restorative Justice: The Real Story” (2002) 4 Punishment & Society 55CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Stubbs, J., “Beyond apology?: Domestic violence and critical questions for restorative justice” (2007) 7 Criminology and Criminal Justice 169CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

35 Johnston & Shearing, supra note 21; Shearing, C., “Nodal Security” (2005) 8 Police Quarterly 57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

36 Loader & Walker, supra note 25.

37 Jones, A., “A Tagging Tale: The Work of the Monitoring Officer, Electronically Monitoring Offenders in England and Wales” (2005) 2 Surveillance & Society 582Google Scholar.

38 Lewis, D. & Wallace, T., New Roles and Relevance: Development NGOs and the Challenge of Change (Bloomfield CT: Kumarian Press, 2000)Google Scholar.

39 Lindenberg, M. & Dobel, J., “The Challenges of Globalization for Northern International Relief and Development NGOs” (1999) 29 Nonprofit and Voluntary Sector Quarterly 4CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

40 Nowrot, K., “Legal Consequences of Globalization: The Status of Non-Governmental Organizations Under International Law” (1999) 6 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 579Google Scholar.

41 Thomas, T. & Kizer, S., Lords of the Silk Route: Violent Non-State Actors in Central Asia (Colorado: USAF Academy, 2002)Google Scholar.

42 Dupont, B., Grabosky, P. & Shearing, C., “The Governance of Security in Weak and Failing States” (2003) 3 Criminology and Criminal Justice 331CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Robertson, G., Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 2000)Google Scholar.

44 Kaldor, M., New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era (Cambridge: Polity, 1999)Google Scholar; Andreas, P. & Price, R., “From War Fighting to Crime Fighting: Transforming the American National Security State” (2001) 3 International Studies Review 31CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Munkler, H., New Wars (Cambridge: Polity, 2005)Google Scholar.

45 Leander, A., “Dependency Today—Finance, Firms, Mafias and the State: a Review of Susan Strange's Work from a Developing Country Perspective” (2001) 22 Third World Quarterly 115CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Leander, A., Globalisation and the State Monopoly on the Legitimate use of Force (Copenhagen: Syddansk Universitet, 2004)Google Scholar.

46 Stenson, “Crime”, supra note 1; Davis, M., Planet of Slums (London: Verso, 2006)Google Scholar.

47 Duffield, supra note 20; Jung, D., “A Political Economy of Intra-State War: Confronting a Paradox,” in Shadow Globalization, Ethnic Conflicts and New Wars: a Political Economy of Intra-State War (London: Routledge, 2003)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

48 Blok, A., The Mafia of a Sicilian Village, 1860-1960: A Study of Violent Peasant Entrepreneurs (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1974)Google Scholar; Arlacchi, P., Mafia Business: the Mafia Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1988)Google Scholar; Hess, H., Mafia and Mafiosi: Origin, Power and Myth (London: Hurst & Co., 1998)Google Scholar; Catanzaro, R., Men of Respect: A Social History of the Sicilian Mafia (New York: Free Press, 1992)Google Scholar.

49 Gambetta, D., The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection, (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1993) at 3Google Scholar. See also Paoli, L., Mafia Brotherhoods: Organized Crime, Italian Style (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003)Google Scholar; Schneider, J. & Schneider, P., Culture and Political Economy in Western Sicily (New York: Academic Press, 1976)Google Scholar.

50 Lea, Crime, supra note 7.

51 Giustozzi, A., Respectable Warlords? The Politics of State-Building in Post-Taleban Afghanistan (London: LSE, 2003)Google Scholar [Giustozzi, Respectable]; Giustozzi, A., The Debate on Warlordism: The Importance of Military Legitimacy. (London: LSE, 2005)Google Scholar.

52 McGuire, N., Combating Coca in Bolivia and Colombia: A New Perspective on the Forces that Drive Peasant Coca Farming (Washington DC: Council For Emerging National Security Affairs, 2002)Google Scholar; Kurtz-Phelan, D., “‘Coca Is Everything Here’: Hard Truths about Bolivia's Drug War” (2005) 22 World Policy Journal 103CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Le Billon, P., “The Political Ecology of War: Natural Resources and Armed Conflicts” (2001) 20 Political Geography 561CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

53 Bayart, J., Hibou, B. & Ellis, S., The Criminalization of the State in Africa (Oxford: International African Institute/James Currey, 1999)Google Scholar; Smillie, I., Gberie, L. & Hazleton, R., The Heart of the Matter: Sierra Leone, Diamonds and Human Security (Ottawa: Partnership Africa Canada, 2000)Google Scholar.

54 Castells, M., Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996)Google Scholar; Kalathil, S., “Community and Communalism in the Information Age” (2002) 9 Brown Journal of World Affairs 347Google Scholar; Arquilla, J., Ronfeldt, D. & Zanini, M., “Networks, Netwar and Information-Age Terrorism” in Lesser, I. & Hoffman, B., eds., Countering the New Terrorism (Washington DC: Rand Corporation, 2003)Google Scholar.

55 Lea, Crime, supra note 7 at 117.

56 O'Malley, P., Risk, Uncertainty and Government (London: Cavendish, 2004)Google Scholar.

57 Crawford, A., “Networked Governance and the Post-Regulatory State? Steering, Rowing and Anchoring the Provision of Policing and Security” (2006) 10 Theoretical Criminology 449 at 451CrossRefGoogle Scholar [Crawford, “Networked”].

58 Gray, J., False Dawn: The Delusions of Global Capitalism (London: Granta, 1998)Google Scholar; Held, D. et al. , Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999)Google Scholar; Lloyd, C., “Globalization: Beyond the Ultra-Modernist Narrative to a Critical Realist Perspective on Geopolitics in the Cyber Age” (2000) 24 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 258CrossRefGoogle Scholar

59 Hirst, P. & Thompson, G., Globalization in Question (Cambridge: Polity, 1998)Google Scholar.

60 Fukuyama, F., State-Building: Governance and World Order in the Twenty-First Century (London: Profile Books, 2004)Google Scholar; Ripsman, N. & Paul, T., “Globalization and the National Security State: A Framework for Analysis” (2005) 7 International Studies Review 199CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

61 Tvedt, T., Angels of Mercy or Development Diplomats? (London: James Currey, 1998) at 4Google Scholar.

62 Chimni, B., The Changing World Order, the Structural Role of Humanitarian NGOs, and the Protection of Displaced Persons and Migrants (2003), online: International Council of Voluntary Agencies <http://www.icva.ch/doc00000936.html>Google Scholar.

63 Petras, J. & Veltmeyer, H., Globalization Unmasked: Imperialism in the 21st Century (London: Zed Books, 2002)Google Scholar.

64 Cammack, P., “Global Governance, State Agency and Competitiveness: The Political Economy of the Commission for Africa” (2006) 8 British Journal of Politics & International Relations 331CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

65 Chandler, D., From Kosovo to Kabul: Human Rights and International Intervention (London: Pluto, 2002)Google Scholar; Chandler, D., Empire in Denial: The Politics of State-Building (London: Pluto, 2006)Google Scholar.

66 Sending, O. & Neumann, I., “Governance to Governmentality: Analyzing NGOs, States, and Power” (2006) 50 International Studies Quarterly 651CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

67 Mandel, M., How America Gets Away With Murder: Illegal Wars, Collateral Damage, and Crimes Against Humanity (London: Pluto, 2004)Google Scholar.

68 Sands, P., Lawless World: America and the Making and Breaking of Global Rules (London: Allen Lane, 2005) at 61–2Google Scholar.

69 Standing, A., The Social Contradictions of Organised Crime on the Cape Flats (Cape Town: Institute for Security Studies, 2003)Google Scholar; Standing, A., “Out of the Mainstream: Critical Reflections on Organised Crime in the Western Cape” in Dixon, B. & van der Spuy, E., eds., Justice Gained? Crime and Crime Control in South Africa's Transition (Cape Town: UCT Press, 2004)Google Scholar.

70 Ruggiero, V., “The Camorra: ‘Clean’ Capital and Organised Crime” in Pearce, F. & Woodiwiss, M., eds., Global Crime Connections (London: Macmillan, 1993)Google Scholar; Thoumi, F., “Illegal Drugs in Colombia: From Illegal Economic Boom to Social Crisis” (2002) 582 Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 102Google Scholar; Bowden, M., Killing Pablo: The Hunt for the World's Greatest Outlaw (New York: Penguin Books, 2002)Google Scholar.

71 Duffield, supra note 20; Lea, Crime, supra note 7.

72 Mamdani, M., Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: America, the Cold War, and the Roots of Terror (New York: Pantheon Books, 2004)Google Scholar.

73 Duffield, supra note 20.

74 Giustozzi, Respectable, supra note 51.

75 Monaghan, R., “‘An Imperfect Peace’: Paramilitary ‘Punishments’ in Northern Ireland” (2004) 16 Terrorism and Political Violence 439CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Monaghan, R. & McLaughlin, S., “Informal justice in the city,” (2006) 10 Space and Polity 171CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

76 Byman, D., “Should Hezbollah Be Next?” (2003) 82 Foreign Affairs 54CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

77 Crawford, “Networked”, supra note 57.

78 Lea, Crime, supra note 7; L. Zedner, “Pre-crime and Post-Criminology?” (2007) 11 Theoretical Criminology 261.

79 Lea, J., “Hitting Criminals where it hurts: organised crime and the erosion of due process” (2004) 35 Cambrian Law Review 81Google Scholar; Naylor, R. T., “Wash-out: A critique of follow-the-money methods in crime control policy” (1999) 32 Crime, Law and Social Change 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Naylor, R. T., Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance and the Underworld Economy (New York: Cornell University Press, 2002)Google Scholar.

80 Coaffee, J., “Rings of Steel, Rings of Concrete and Rings of Confidence: Designing out Terrorism in Central London pre and post September 11th” (2004) 28 International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 201CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

81 Crawford, “Networked”, supra note 57.