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On Territory as Relationship and Law as Territory

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 July 2014

Andrea Brighenti
Andrea Brighenti
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Abstract

Whereas traditional conceptions tend to conflate territory and its physical spatial extension, this paper advances an argument to oppose such reductionism. It explores the features of a non-intuitive, radical conception of territory and proposes to apply it to law. Relationship, rather than space, is suggested to be at the conceptual core of territory, so that spatial and non-spatial territories can be seen as superimposed one onto the other and endowed with multiple connections, according to different scales and degrees of visibility. Territory is regarded as an activity of boundary-drawing and as a process which creates pre-assigned relational positions, both of which are key concerns for law. From this perspective, law is an inherently territorial endeavour. The focus of enquiry is consequently shifted to the actors who, by building and shaping their social relationships, draw different types of boundaries, on the technologies they apply, and the aims they attempt to achieve through boundary-drawing.

Résumé

Contre les conceptions traditionnelles qui confondent le territoire avec sa prolongation spatiale physique, cet article fait une proposition antiréductionniste. Il explore les caractéristiques d'une conception radicale et non intuitive du territoire, et les applique au droit. Au coeur du concept du territoire, il identifie des relations plutôt que des espaces, de sorte que territoires spatiaux et non spatiaux puissent être vus superposés les uns sur les autres, dotés de raccordements multiples, selon différentes échelles et degrés de visibilité. Le territoire peut alors être envisagé à la fois comme une activité de tracement de frontières et comme un processus qui crée des positions subjectives pré-assignées, toutes deux étant des soucis primaires pour le droit. De ce point de vue, le droit est un effort éminemment territorial. Le centre de l'enquête est par conséquent décalé sur les acteurs qui, en établissant et en formant leurs rapports sociaux, tracent différents types de frontières, sur les technologies qu'ils appliquent et les objectifs qu'ils essayent de réaliser en traçant des frontières.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Law and Society / La Revue Canadienne Droit et Société , Volume 21 , Issue 2 , August 2006 , pp. 65 - 86
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association 2006

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References

1 The first group is represented for instance by Robert Ardrey and Irenäus Eibl-Eibesfledt. See Ardrey, R., The Territorial Imperative: A Personal Inquiry into the Animal Origins of Property and Nations (New York: Atheneum, 1966)Google Scholar; Eibl-Eibesfledt, I., Ethology: The Biology of Behaviour (New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1970)Google Scholar. The second group is represented especially by Robert D. Sack. See Sack, R. D., “Human Territoriality: A Theory” (1983) 73: 1 Annals of the Association of American Geographers 55 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sack, R.D., Human Territoriality: Its Theory and History (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986)Google Scholar; Sack, R.D., “Human Territoriality” in Smelser, N.J. & Baltes, P.B., eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2003)Google Scholar.

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11 Interestingly, legal territories are transversal to the just mentioned ones. Other types of similar transversalities can be imagined, which, on the whole, invite to de-essentialize the physicalist conception of territory.

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15 See e.g. Asch, Michael, “From Terra Nullius to Affirmation: Reconciling Aboriginal Rights with the Canadian Constitution” (2002) 17:2 C.J.L.S. 23 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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32 Bourdieu's concept of habitus can be useful to appreciate the fixation of territorial relationships in action. See Bourdieu, Pierre, Méditations pascaliennes (Paris: Seuil, 1997)Google Scholar.

33 Brighenti, Andrea, “Did we really get rid of commands?” (2006) 17:1 Law & Critique 47 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

34 Here the term “hegemony” is used simply in the original Gramscian meaning, as the “intellectual and moral headship” exercised by an agent or a class in a spontaneous, molecular and organic way so as to generate a wide, accepted and shared framework within which even conflict and dissent can be accomodated, and which ultimately determines the features of a historic bloc. See Gramsci, Antonio, Quaderni del carcere (Roma: Editori Riuniti 1975)Google Scholar. It is not possible here to venture further into the vast literature on hegemony and ideology. On the interplay between power and space, see in particular G. Rose, supra note 2; N. Blomley, supra note 2; D. Massey, supra note 2; D. Harvey, supra note 2; Herod, Andrew J. & Wright, Melissa W., eds., The Geography of Power: Making Scale (Oxford: Blackwell, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

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49 Constitutions are the institutional frameworks of different accomodation strategies. See for instance Macdonald, Roderick A., “The Design of Constitutions to Accomodate Linguistic, Cultural and Ethnic Diversity: The Canadian Experiment” in Szabo, D. & Kulczar, K., eds., Dual Images: Multiculturalism on the Two Sides of the Atlantic (Budapest: Royal Society of Canada, 1996)Google Scholar.

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51 On the subtle multidimensional legal implications of deceivingly simple spaces such as offices, see Macdonald, Roderick A. and Widell, Jonathan, “Office Politics (Again)!” (2005) 20:2 C.J.L.S. 1 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

52 E. Goffman, Behavior, supra note 36.

53 One can get an a contrario example of the territorial dimension of intimate adult relationships by considering the case of sexual abuse as territorial trespassing. See e.g. Wright, Joanne, “Consent and Sexual Violence in Canadian Public Discourse: Reflections on Ewanchuk ” (2001) 16:2 C.J.L.S. 173 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. For a continuist take on the legal dimension in between everyday life and formal, institutionalized organizations, see Jurras, Daniel, “The Legal Dimensions of Everyday Life” (2001) 16:1 C.J.L.S. 45 Google Scholar.

54 Classic anthropological descriptions of body decoration practices are provided e.g. by Lévi-Strauss, Claude, Tristes tropiques (Paris: Plon, 1955)Google Scholar.

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59 The distinction between human being and animal, too, is one such basic territorial distinction made possible by boundary-drawing activities. Recently, Giorgio Agamben has provided an intriguing argument that the act of drawing the boundaries between man and animal is in fact much more crucial than human rights enforcement issues. Describing what he calls “the anthropological and anthropogenic machine of the moderns,” which he investigates mainly through the works of von Uexküll and Heidegger, Agamben also reveals the existence of “zones of indistinction” between man and animal, i.e. of non-territorial relations, which are resolved by the introduction of a rupture between humanity and animality inside man himself. See Agamben, G., L'aperto: l'uomo e l'animale (Torino: Bollati Boringhieri, 2002)Google Scholar.

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62 D. Delaney, Race, supra note 2.

63 Leckey, Robert, “Territoriality in Canadian Administrative Law” (2004) 54 U. Toronto L.J. 352 CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Comtois, Suzanne, Vers la primauté de l'approche pragmatique et fonctionnelle. Précis du contrôle judiciaire des décisions de fond des organismes administratifs (Cowansville: Yvon Blais, 2003)Google Scholar.

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67 See in particular Macdonald, Roderick A., “Here, There and Everywhere: the Legal Pluralism of Jacques Vanderlinden” in Kasirer, N., ed., Mélanges Jacques Vanderlinden (Montreal: Yvon Blais, 2006)Google Scholar.

68 The dichotomy is introduced and discussed at length by de Sousa Santos, Boaventura, Toward a New Common Sense. Law, Science and Politics in the Paradigmatic Transition (London: Routledge, 1995) at §7 Google Scholar.

69 See Teubner, Gunther, Global law without a state (Aldershot: Dartmouth, 1997)Google Scholar; Gessner, Volkmar & Budak, Ali Cem, eds., Emerging Legal Certainty: Empirical Studies on the Globalization of Law (Aldershot: Ashgate, 1998)Google Scholar.

70 Sassen, Saskia, “Territory and Territoriality in the Global Economy” (2000) 15 International Sociology 372 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Sassen, Saskia, Territory, Authority, Rights (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2005)Google Scholar.