Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gbm5v Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:55:40.632Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Exception and Deputization under Today's NDP: Neo-liberalism, the Third Way, and Crime Control in Manitoba

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 January 2013

Andrew Woolford
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2,Canada, E-mail: [email protected]
Jasmine Thomas
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB,Canada, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

This article examines the discourses of crime and safety mobilized by Gary Doer's provincial NDP government in Manitoba between 1999 and 2009. Through a Foucaultian discourse analysis of statements made by Manitoba NDP members in the Legislative Assembly—in particular, the language and preconceptions drawn on by government members when speaking about matters of crime and safety—the authors assess the role of Third Way and neo-liberal rationalities of crime governance in a provincial crime-control assemblage that seeks to foster “security” beyond the limits of federally defined criminal law. Based on this analysis, the authors discuss how the Manitoba NDP is engaged in a process of “deputizing” public service and communities for purposes of crime control.

Résumé

Cet article examine les discours du gouvernement néo-démocrate provincial de Gary Doer relatifs au crime et à la sécurité publique au Manitoba durant les années 1999 à 2009. À partir d'une analyse foucaldienne des déclarations des membres du NPD à l'Assemblé législative du Manitoba—particulièrement, du langage et des idées préconçues des membres du gouvernement lorsque ceux-ci abordent des questions relatives au crime et à la sécurité—nous examinons le rôle de la troisième voie ainsi que les arguments néo-libéraux de ce gouvernement, à savoir un parti provincial cherchant à contrôler le crime et à ériger la sécurité au-delà des limites du droit pénal fédéral. Suivant cette analyse, nous démontrons comment le NPD du Manitoba tente de contrôler le crime par l'entremise d'un processus d'inféodation du service public ainsi que des communautés.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Law and Society Association 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Marron, Donncha, “Money Talks, Money Walks: The War on Terrorist Financing in the West,” Policing 2 (2008), 441CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 Miller, Peter and Rose, Nikolas, “Governing Economic Life,” Economy and Society 19 (1990), 1CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

3 Adams, Christopher, Politics in Manitoba: Parties, Leaders, and Voters (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba Press, 2008), 128Google Scholar.

4 Stanford, Jim, “Social Democratic Policy and Economic Reality: The Canadian Experience,” in The Economics of the Third Way, ed. Arestis, Philip and Sawyer, Malcolm C. (Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar, 2001), 99Google Scholar; Timm, Jordan, “The Gary Doer Phenomenon,” Maclean's, May 24, 2007, http://www.macleans.ca/article.jsp?content=20070524_111541_5896Google Scholar.

5 Giddens, Anthony, The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy (Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1998), 65Google Scholar.

6 Bergman, Brian, “A Case of Prairie Pragmatism,” Maclean's, September 20, 1999, 24Google Scholar.

7 See Brownlee, Ian, “New Labour—New Penology? Punitive Rhetoric and the Limits of Managerialism in Criminal Justice Policy,” Journal of Law and Society 25 (1998), 313CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Fairclough, N., New Labour, New Language? (London: Routledge, 2000)Google Scholar.

8 Crawford, Adam, “Joined Up But Fragmented: Contradiction, Ambiguity, and Ambivalence at the Heart of New Labour's ‘Third Way,’” in Crime, Disorder and Community Safety: A New Agenda, ed. Matthews, Roger and Pitts, John (London: Routledge, 2001), 54Google Scholar.

9 See Jack Straw qtd. in Crawford, ibid., 56: “We are trying to develop the concept of ‘the Active Community’ in which the commitment of the individual is backed by the duty of all organizations—in the public sector, the private sector, and the voluntary sector—to work toward a community of mutual care and a balance of rights and responsibilities.”

10 See Belfrage, Claes and Ryner, Magnus, “Renegotiating the Swedish Social Democratic Settlement: From Pension Fund Socialism to Neoliberalization,” Politics and Society 37 (2009), 257CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Carroll, W.K. and Ratner, R.S., eds., Challenges and Perils: Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times (Halifax: Fernwood, 2005)Google Scholar; Gamble, Andrew and Wright, Tony, “Introduction: The New Social Democracy,” Political Quarterly 70 (1999), 1Google Scholar; Green-Pedersen, Christoffer, Kersbergen, Kees van, and Hemerijck, Anton, “Neo-liberalism, the ‘Third Way’ or What? Recent Social Democratic Welfare Policies in Denmark and the Netherlands,” Journal of European Public Policy 8 (2001), 307CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Glyn, Andrew, ed., Social Democracy in Neoliberal Times: The Left and Economic Policy Since 1980 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Hutton, Will, “New Keynesianism and New Labour,” Political Quarterly 70 (1999), 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Ryner, J.M., “Neo-liberalization of Social Democracy: The Swedish Case,” Comparative European Politics 2 (2004), 97CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

11 See Green-Pedersen et al., “Neo-liberalism, the ‘Third Way’ or What?”

12 See Callinicos, Alex, Against the Third Way: An Anti-capitalist Critique (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2001)Google Scholar; Mouzelis, Nicos, “Reflexive Modernization and the Third Way: The Impasses of Giddens' Social-Democratic Politics,” Sociological Review 49 (2001), 436CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 See Fudge, Shane and Williams, Stephen, “Beyond Left and Right: Can the Third Way Deliver a Reinvigorated Social Democracy?Critical Sociology 32 (2006), 383CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

14 Hackworth, Jason and Moriah, Abigail, “Neoliberalism, Contingency and Urban Policy: The Case of Social Housing in Ontario,” International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 30 (2006), 511CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

15 Ong, Aihwa, Neoliberalism as Exception: Mutations in Citizenship and Sovereignty (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2006)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Clarke, John, “Dissolving the Public Realm? The Logics and Limits of Neo-liberalism,” Journal of Social Policy 33, 1 (2004), 27CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

16 See Leitner, Helga J., Peck, Jamie, and Shepard, Eric S., eds., Contesting Neoliberalism: Urban Frontiers (New York: Guilford Press, 2007)Google Scholar; Mitchell, Katharyne, “Transnationalism, Neoliberalism, and the Rise of the Shadow State,” Economy and Society 30, 2 (2001), 165CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik, “Cities and the Geographies of ‘Actually Existing Neoliberalism,’” in Spaces of Neoliberalism: Urban Restructuring in North America and Western Europe, ed. Brenner, Neil and Theodore, Nik (Malden, MA: Blackwell, 2002)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 See Gough, Jamie, “Neoliberalism and Socialisation in the Contemporary City: Opposites, Complements and Instabilities,” in Brenner, and Theodore, , Spaces of Neoliberalism, 58Google Scholar; Leitner et al., Contesting Neoliberalism; Hartman, Yvonne, “In Bed with the Enemy: Some Ideas on the Connections Between Neoliberalism and the Welfare State,” Current Sociology 53, 1 (2005), 57CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

18 Jessop, Bob, “Liberalism, Neoliberalism, and Urban Governance: A State-Theoretical Perspective,” in Brenner, and Theodore, , Spaces of Neoliberalism, 105Google Scholar; O'Malley, Pat, “Volatile and Contradictory Punishment,” Theoretical Criminology 3, 2 (1999), 175CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Ong, , Neoliberalism as Exception, 13Google Scholar.

21 Rose, Nikolas, The Powers of Freedom (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 Ericson, Richard, Crime in an Insecure World (Cambridge: Polity Press, 2007)Google Scholar. See also Ericson, Richard and Haggerty, Kevin, Policing the Risk Society (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997)Google Scholar; O'Malley, Pat, “Risk, Power and Crime Prevention,” Economy and Society 21 (1992), 252CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

23 Ericson, ibid. Laws of possession that target certain populations of drug users, allowing for their incarceration despite the fact they have not been caught in the actual act of using the banned substance, are one example.

24 See McNeill, Fergus, Burns, Nicola, Haliday, Simon, Huton, Neil, and Tata, Cyrus, “Risk, Responsibility and Reconfiguration: Penal Adaptation and Misadaptation,” Punishment and Society 11 (2009), 419CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

25 See Tham, Henrik, “Law and Order as a Leftist Project?Punishment and Society 3 (2001), 409CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Waiton, Stuart, “Policing after the Crisis: Crime, Safety and the Vulnerable Public,” Punishment and Society 11 (2009), 359CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

26 Gilling, Daniel, “Community Safety and Social Policy,” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research 9 (2001), 381CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Brownlee, “New Labour—New Penology?”; Garland, David, The Culture of Control: Crime and Social Order in Contemporary Society (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001)Google Scholar.

28 See Burney, Elizabeth, Making People Behave: Anti-social Behaviour, Politics and Policy (Cullompton, UK: Willan, 2005)Google Scholar; Gilling, Daniel, Crime Reduction and Community Safety: Labour and Politics of Local Crime Control (Cullompton, UK: Willan, 2007)Google Scholar; Hughes, Gordon, The Politics of Crime and Community (Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

29 Ainsworth, Susan and Hardy, Cynthia, “Critical Discourse Analysis and Identity: Why Bother?Critical Discourse Studies 1 (2004), 225CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Thus, our analysis remains attuned to emergent and contradictory themes so as to capture more fully the contested nature of political meaning-making. As well, what we present below are not rare statements that conveniently fit our overarching thesis but, rather, emblematic statements that reflect the point of saturation in our data collection, in the sense that the discourse presented in a selected quotation was captured in several statements (approximately 3–5) of which the chosen statement is representative.

30 See generally Cheek, Julianne, “At the Margins: Discourse Analysis and Qualitative Research,” Qualitative Health Research 14 (2004), 1140CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed; Holstein, James A. and Gubrium, Jabar, “Interpretative Practice and Social Action,” in The SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 3rd ed., ed. Denzin, Norman and Lincoln, Yvonna (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2005), 483Google Scholar; Scheurich, James Joseph and McKenzie, Katherine Bell, “Foucault's Methodologies: Archeology and Genealogy,” in Denzin, and Lincoln, , SAGE Handbook of Qualitative Research, 841Google Scholar; Stenson, Kevin and Watt, Paul, “Governmentality and ‘the Death of the Social?A Discourse Analysis of Local Government Texts in South-East England,” Urban Studies 36, 1 (1999), 189CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Williams, Glyn, French Discourse Analysis: The Method of Post-structuralism (London: Routledge, 1999)Google Scholar.

31 Diaz-Bone, Rainer, Bührmann, Andrea D., Rodríguez, Encarnacion Gutiérrez, Schneider, Werner, Kendall, Gavin, and Tirado, Francisco, “The Field of Foucaultian Discourse Analysis: Structures, Developments and Perspectives,” Forum: Qualitative Social Research 8, 2 (2007), http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0114-fqs0702305Google Scholar; Stenson and Watt, “Governmentality and ‘the Death of the Social’.”

32 See generally Ainsworth and Hardy, “Critical Discourse Analysis and Identity”; Fairclough, Norman, Critical Discourse Analysis: The Critical Study of Language (London: Longman, 1995)Google Scholar; Kendall, Gavin and Wickham, Gary, Using Foucault's Methods (London: Sage, 1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Meyer, Michael and Wodak, Ruth, eds., Methods of Critical Discourse Analysis. (London: Sage, 2001)Google Scholar; Van Dijk, Teun A., ed., Discourse as Structure and Process. Discourse Studies 1 and 2 (London: Sage, 1997)Google Scholar.

33 Cheek, , “At the Margins,” 1142Google Scholar.

34 du Gay, Paul, Consumption and Identity at Work (London: Sage, 1996), 43Google Scholar.

35 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 50 No 41 (June 7, 2000), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/vol_041/h041.html (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

36 Matthews, Roger and Pitts, John, “Introduction: Beyond Criminology?” in Crime, Disorder, and Community Safety: A New Agenda? ed. Matthews, Roger and Pitts, John (London: Routledge, 2001), 5CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

37 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 50 No 42B (June 8, 2000), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/vol_042b/h042b.html (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

38 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 50 No 2 (November 25, 1999), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/Vol_002/h002_1.html (Hon Peter Liba)Google Scholar. This passage is excerpted from the Speech from the Throne delivered on November 25, 1999.

39 Simon, Jonathan, Governing through Crime: How the War on Crime Transformed American Democracy and Created a Culture of Fear (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007)Google Scholar.

40 Waiton, “Policing after the Crisis.”

41 Hannah-Moffat, Kelly, “Criminogenic Needs and the Transformative Risk Subject: Hybridizations of Risk/Need in Penalty,” Punishment and Society 7 (2005), 29Google Scholar; Gray, Patricia, “The Political Economy of Risk and the New Governance of Youth Crime,” Punishment and Society 11 (2009), 443CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Garland, The Culture of Control; Feeley, Malcolm and Simon, Jonathan, “The New Penology: Notes on the Emerging Strategy of Corrections and Its Implications,” Criminology 30 (1992), 449CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

42 RSC 2002, c 1.

43 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 3d Sess, Vol 52 No 45 (June 10, 2002), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/3rd-37th/vol_045/h045.html#ms (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

44 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 38th Leg, 5th Sess, Vol 58 No 24 (April 10, 2007), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/5th-38th/vol_24/h24.html#iob (Hon Dave Chomiak)Google Scholar.

45 Tham, “Law and Order as a Leftist Project?”

46 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 38th Leg, 2d Sess, Vol 54 No 8 (December 1, 2003), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/2nd-38th/vol_08/h08.html#ms (Harry Schellenberg)Google Scholar.

47 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 50 No 29 (May 17, 2000), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/vol_029/h029.html (Jim Rondeau)Google Scholar.

48 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 3d Sess, Vol 52 No 56B (June 27, 2002), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/3rd-37th/vol_056b/h056b.html#oq (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

49 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 38th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 54 No 5A (September 11, 2003), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-38th/vol_05a/h05a.html#csj (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

50 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 4th Sess, Vol 53 No 16 (April 25, 2003), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/4th-37th/vol_016/h016.html#oq (Marianne Cerilli)Google Scholar.

51 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 38th Leg, 5th Sess, Vol 58 No 24 (April 10, 2007), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/5th-38th/vol_24/h24.html#iob (Hon Dave Chomiak)Google Scholar.

52 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 3d Sess, Vol 52 No 38 (May 28, 2002), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/3rd-37th/vol_038/h038.html#ms (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

53 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 39th Leg, 2d Sess, Vol 61 No 31 (April 28, 2008), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/2nd-39th/vol_31/h31.html#ms (Rob Altemeyer)Google Scholar.

54 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 38th Leg, 2d Sess, Volume 54 No 28 (27 April 2004), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/2nd-38th/vol_028/h028.html#oq (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

55 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Vol 50 No 14 (December 14, 1999), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/vol_014/h014.html (Hon Jean Friesen)Google Scholar.

56 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 1st Sess, Volume 50, No 42B (June 8, 2000), http://www.gov.mb.ca/legislature/hansard/1st-37th/vol_042b/h042b.html#oq (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

57 Manitoba, Legislative Assembly, Debates and Proceedings (Hansard), 37th Leg, 2nd Sess, Vol 50. No 19 (April 25, 2001), http://www.gov.mb.ca/hansard/hansard/2nd-37th/vol_019/h019.html (Hon Gord Mackintosh)Google Scholar.

58 This article is part of a three-stage project examining the effects of neo-liberal social regulation in inner-city Winnipeg. The first stage, to which this article belongs, examined federal, provincial, and municipal policy with respect to safety and crime control. The second stage included interviews with community agencies providing services to inner-city residents. The third stage, recently completed, involved interviews with inner-city service users to gauge their experiences of responsibilization.