Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-r5fsc Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-24T07:34:18.219Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Use of point of care sonography by emergency physicians

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2015

Ryan J. Henneberry ,
Amanda Hanson ,
Andrew Healey ,
Guy Hebert ,
Urbain Ip ,
Mark Mensour ,
Pierre Mikhail ,
Steve Miller ,
Steve Socransky  and
Michael Woo
...Show all authors

Abstract

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. As you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Caep Position Statement • Déclaration de l'acmu
Information
Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine , Volume 14 , Issue 2 , March 2012 , pp. 106 - 112
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association of Emergency Physicians 2012

References

REFERENCES

1.Bassler, D, Snoey, ER, Kim, J. Goal-directed abdominal ultrasonography: impact on real-time decision making in the emergency department. J Emerg Med 2003;24:375–8, doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(03)00032-5.Google Scholar
2.Making health care safer: a critical analysis of patient safety practices. Prepared for: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. Prepared by: University of California at San Francisco (UCSF)—Stanford University Evidence-based Practice Center. Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov (accessed January 2009).Google Scholar
3.Blaivas, M, Sierzenski, P, Theodoro, D. Significant hemoperitoneum in blunt trauma victims with normal vital signs and clinical examination. Am J Emerg Med 2002;20:218–21, doi:10.1053/ajem.2002.32637.Google Scholar
4.Burgher, SW, Tandy, TK, Dawdy, MR. Transvaginal ultrasonography by emergency physicians decreases patient time in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5: 802–7, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02507.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Durham, B. Emergency medicine physicians saving time with ultrasound. Am J Emerg Med 1996;14:309–13, doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(96)90184-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Durston, WE, Carl, ML, Guerra, W, et al. Ultrasound availability in the evaluation of ectopic pregnancy in the ED: comparison of quality and cost-effectiveness with different approaches. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:408–17, doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.7310.Google Scholar
7.Rodgerson, JD, Heegaard, WG, Plummer, D, et al. Emergency department right upper quadrant ultrasound is associated with a reduced time to diagnosis and treatment of ruptured ectopic pregnancies. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:331–6, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb02110.x.Google Scholar
8.Shih, CH. Effect of emergency physician-performed pelvic sonography on length of stay in the emergency department. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:348–51, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70346-9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
9.Tayal, VS, Kline, JA. Emergency echocardiography to detect pericardial effusion in patients in PEA and near-PEA states. Resuscitation 2003;59:315–8, doi:10.1016/S0300-9572(03)00245-4.Google Scholar
10.McNaughton, T, McConahy, M, Lam, J, et al. CJEM 2006;8:170–1.Google Scholar
11.Blaivas, M, Fox, JC. Outcome in cardiac arrest patients found to have cardiac standstill on the bedside emergency department echocardiogram. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:616–21, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00174.x.Google Scholar
12.Salen, P, O’Connor, R, Sierzenski, P, et al. Can cardiac sonography and capnography be used independently and in combination to predict resuscitation outcomes? Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:610–5, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00172.x.Google Scholar
13.Blaivas, M. Incidence of pericardial effusion in patients presenting to the emergency department with unexplained dyspnea. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:1143–6, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb01130.x.Google Scholar
14.Plummer, D, Dick, C, Ruiz, E, et al. Emergency department two-dimensional echocardiography in the diagnosis of nontraumatic cardiac rupture. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:1333–42, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(94)70361-2.Google Scholar
15.Plummer, D, Brunette, D, Asinger, R, Ruiz, E. Emergency department echocardiography improves outcome in penetrating cardiac injury. Ann Emerg Med 1992;21:709–12, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(05)82784-2.Google Scholar
16.Rozycki, GS, Feliciano, DV, Ochsner, MG, et al. The role of ultrasound in patients with possible penetrating cardiac wounds: a prospective multicenter study. J Trauma 1999;46:543–51, doi:10.1097/00005373-199904000-00002.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
17.Boulanger, BR, McLellan, BA, Brenneman, FD, et al. Prospective evidence of the superiority of a sonographybased algorithm in the assessment of blunt abdominal injury. J Trauma 1999;47:632–7, doi:10.1097/00005373-199910000-00005.Google Scholar
18.Ma, OJ, Mateer, JR. Trauma ultrasound examination versus chest radiography in the detection of hemothorax. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:312–5, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70341-X.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Scalea, TM, Rodriguez, A, Chiu, WC, et al. Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST): results from an international consensus conference. J Trauma 1999;46:466–72, doi:10.1097/00005373-199903000-00022.Google Scholar
20.Rose, JS. Ultrasound in abdominal trauma. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:581–99, doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
21.Durham, B, Lane, B, Burbridge, L, Balasubramaniam, S. Pelvic ultrasound performed by emergency physicians for the detection of ectopic pregnancy in complicated firsttrimester pregnancies. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:338–47, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70345-7.Google Scholar
22.Mateer, JR, Valley, VT, Aiman, EJ, et al. Outcome analysis of a protocol including bedside endovaginal sonography in patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Ann Emerg Med 1997;27:283–9, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(96)70260-3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Mateer, JR, Aiman, EJ, Brown, MH, Olson, DW. Ultrasonographic examination by emergency physicians of patients at risk for ectopic pregnancy. Acad Emerg Med 1995;2:867–73, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1995.tb03099.x.Google Scholar
24.Kuhn, M, Bonnin, RL, Davey, MJ, et al. Emergency department ultrasound scanning for abdominal aortic aneurysm: accessible, accurate, and advantageous. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:219–23, doi:10.1067/mem.2000.108616.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
25.Tayal, VS, Graf, CD, Gibbs, MA. Prospective study of accuracy and outcome of emergency ultrasound for abdominal aortic aneurysm over two years. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:867–71, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00630.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
26.Hind, D, Calvert, , McWilliams, R, et al. Ultrasonic locating devices for central venous cannulation: meta-analysis. BMJ 2003;327:361–4, doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7411.361.Google Scholar
27.Hrics, P, Wilber, S, Blanda, MP, Gallo, U: Ultrasoundassisted internal jugular vein catheterization in the, editor. Am J Emerg Med 1998;16:401–3.Google Scholar
28.Hilty, WM, Hudson, PA, Levitt, MA, Hall, JB. Real-time ultrasound-guided femoral vein catheterization during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:331–7, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70344-5.Google Scholar
29.Atkinson, P, Boyle, A, Robinson, S, Campbell-Hewson, G. Should ultrasound guidance be used for central venous catheterization in the emergency department? Emerg Med J 2005;22:158–64, doi:10.1136/emj.2003.011288.Google Scholar
30.Abboud, PAC, Kendall, JL. Ultrasound guidance for vascular access. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:749–73, doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.003.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Pronovost, P, Needham, D, Berenholtz, S, et al. An intervention to decrease catheter-related bloodstream infections in the ICU. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2725–32, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa061115.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
32.McGee, DC, Gould, MK. Preventing complications of central venous catheterization. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1123–33, doi:10.1056/NEJMra011883.Google Scholar
33.Miller, AH, Roth, BA, Mills, TJ, et al. Ultrasound guidance versus the landmark technique for the placement of central venous catheters in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:800–5, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb02168.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Milling, T, Holden, C, Melniker, L, et al. Randomized controlled trial of single-operator vs. two-operator ultrasound guidance for internal jugular central venous cannulation. Acad Emerg Med 2006;13:245–7, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb01686.x.Google Scholar
35.Leung, J, Duffy, M, Finckh, A. Real-time ultrasonographically guided internal jugular vein catheterization in the emergency department increases success rates and reduces complications: a randomized, prospective study. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:540–7, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.01.011.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
36.Sabbaj, A, Hedges, JR. Ultrasonographic guidance for internal jugular vein cannulation: an educational imperative, a desirable practice alternative. Ann Emerg Med 2006;48:548–50, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2006.04.015.Google Scholar
37.Blaivas, M, Brannam, L, Fernandez, E. Short-axis versus long-axis approaches for teaching ultrasound-guided vascular access on a new inanimate model. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:1307–11, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00002.x.Google Scholar
38.Shiver, S, Blaivas, M, Lyon, M. A prospective comparison of ultrasound-guided and blindly placed radial arterial catheters. Acad Emerg Med 2006;13:1275–9, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb00289.x.Google Scholar
39.Jones, AE, Craddock, PA, Tayal, VS, Kline, KS. Diagnostic accuracy of left ventricular function for identifying sepsis among emergency department patients with nontraumatic symptomatic undifferentiated hypotension. Shock 2005;24:513–7, doi:10.1097/01.shk.0000186931.02852.5f.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Moore, CL, Rose, GA, Tayal, VS, et al. Determination of left ventricular function by emergency physician echocardiography of hypotensive patients. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:186–93, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb00242.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
41.Pershad, J, Myers, S, Plouman, C, et al. Bedside limited echocardiography by the emergency physician is accurate during evaluation of the critically ill patient. Pediatrics 2004;114:e667-71, doi:10.1542/peds.2004-0881.Google Scholar
42.Randazzo, MR, Snoey, ER, Levitt, MA, Binder, K. Accuracy of emergency physician assessment of left ventricular ejection fraction and central venous pressure using echocardiography. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:973–7, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb00654.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
43.Lyon, M, Blaivas, M, Brannam, L. Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a marker of blood loss. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23:45–50, doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2004.01.004.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
44.Yanagawa, Y, Nishi, K, Sakamoto, T, Okada, Y. Early diagnosis of hypovolemic shock by sonographic measurement of inferior vena cava in trauma patients. J Trauma 2005;58:825–9, doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000145085.42116.A7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
45.Kosiak, W, Swieton, D, Piskunowicz, M. Sonographic inferior vena cava/aorta diameter index, a new approach to the body fluid status assessment in children and young adults in emergency ultrasound—preliminary study. Am J Emerg Med 2008;26:320–5, doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2007.07.012.Google Scholar
46.Lipton, B. Estimation of central venous pressure by ultrasound of the internal jugular vein. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:432–4, doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.7335.Google Scholar
47.Jang, T, Aubin, C, Naunheim, R, Char, D. Ultrasonography of the internal jugular vein in patients with dyspnea without jugular venous distention on physical examination. Ann Emerg Med 2004;44:160–8, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.03.014.Google Scholar
48.Jones, AE, Tayal, VS, Sullivan, DM, Kline, JA. Randomized, controlled trial of immediate versus delayed goal-directed ultrasound to identify the cause of nontraumatic hypotension in emergency department patients. Crit Care Med 2004;32:1703–8, doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000133017.34137.82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
49.Rose, JS, Bair, AE, Mandavia, D, Kinser, DJ. The UHP protocol: a novel ultrasound approach to the empiric evaluation of the undifferentiated hypotensive patient. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:299–302, doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.24481.Google Scholar
50.Scruggs, W, Fox, JC, Potts, B, et al. Accuracy of ED bedside ultrasound for the identification of gallstones: retrospective analysis of 575 studies. West J Med 2008;9:1–5.Google ScholarPubMed
51.Jehle, D, Davis, E, Evans, T, et al. Emergency department sonography by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 1989;7:605–11, doi:10.1016/0735-6757(89)90283-0.Google Scholar
52.Durston, W, Carl, M, Guerra, W, et al. Comparison of quality and ost-effectiveness in the evaluation of symptomatic cholelithiasis with different approaches to ultrasound availability in the ED. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:260–9, doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.22660.Google Scholar
53.Schlager, D, Lazzareschi, G, Whiten, D, Sanders, AB. A prospective study of ultrasonography in the ED by emergency physicians. Am J Emerg Med 1994;12:185–9, doi:10.1016/0735-6757(94)90244-5.Google Scholar
54.Lanoix, R, Leak, LV, Gaeta, T, Gernsheimer, JR. A preliminary evaluation of emergency ultrasound in the setting of an emergency medicine training program. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:41–5, doi:10.1016/S0735-6757(00)90046-9.Google Scholar
55.Kendall, JL, Shimp, RJ. Performance and interpretation of focused right upper quadrant ultrasound by emergency physicians. J Emerg Med 2001;21:7–13, doi:10.1016/S0736-4679(01)00329-8.Google Scholar
56.Blaivas, M, Harwood, RA, Lambert, MJ. Decreasing length of stay with emergency ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:1020–3, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb01186.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
57.Blaivas, M, Adhikari, S. Diagnostic utility of cholescintigraphy in emergency department patients with suspected acute cholecystitis: comparison with bedside RUQ ultrasonography. J Emerg Med 2007;33:47–52, doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2007.02.044.Google Scholar
58.Miller, AH, Pepe, PE, Brockman, CR, Delaney, KA. ED ultrasound in hepatobiliary disease. J Emerg Med 2006;30: 69–74, doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2005.03.017.Google Scholar
59.Rosen, CL, Brown, DF, Chang, Y, et al. Ultrasonography by emergency physicians in patients with suspected cholecystitis. Am J Emerg Med 2001;19:32–6, doi:10.1053/ajem.2001.20028.Google Scholar
60.Rowland, JL, Kuhn, M, Bonnin, RLL, et al. Accuracy of emergency department ultrasonography. Emerg Med 2001;13:305–13, doi:10.1046/j.1035-6851.2001.00233.x.Google Scholar
61.Watkins, S, Bowra, J, Sharma, P, et al. Validation of emergency physician ultrasound in diagnosing hydronephrosis in ureteral colic. Emerg Med Australas 2007;19:188–95, doi:10.1111/j.1742-6723.2007.00925.x.Google Scholar
62.Gaspari, RJ, Horst, K. Emergency ultrasound and urinalysis in the evaluation of flank pain. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:1180–3, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01494.x.Google Scholar
63.Henderson, SO, Hoffner, RJ, Aragona, JL, et al. Bedside emergency department ultrasonography plus radiography of the kidneys, ureters and bladder vs. intravenous pyelography in the evaluation of suspected ureteral colic. Acad Emerg Med 1998;5:666–71, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1998.tb02483.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
64.Chan, H. Noninvasive bladder volume measurement. J Neurosci Nurs 1993;25:309–13, doi:10.1097/01376517-199310000-00007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
65.Rowland, JL, Kuhn, M, Bonnin, RLL, et al. Accuracy of emergency department ultrasonography. J Emerg Med 2001;13:305–13, doi:10.1046/j.1035-6851.2001.00233.x.Google Scholar
66.Mandavia, DP, Aragona, J, Chan, L, et al. Ultrasound training for emergency physicians—a prospective study. Acad Emerg Med 2000;7:1008–14, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb02092.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
67.Burnside, P, Brown, D, Kline, J. Systematic review of emergency physician-performed ultrasonography for lower extremity deep venous thrombosis. Acad Emerg Med 2008;15:493–8, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2008.00101.x.Google Scholar
68.Blaivas, M, Lambert, MJ, Harwood, RA, et al. Lowerextremity doppler for deep venous thrombosis—can emergency physicians be accurate and fast? Acad Emerg Med 2000;7:120–6, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2000.tb00512.x.Google Scholar
69.Theodoro, D, Blaivas, M, Duggal, S, et al. Real-time B-mode ultrasound in the ED saves time in the diagnosis of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Am J Emerg Med 2004;22:197200, doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2004.02.007.Google Scholar
70.Jacoby, J, Cesta, M, Axelband, J, et al. Can emergency medicine residents detect acute deep venous thrombosis with a limited, two-site examination? J Emerg Med 2007;32:197–200, doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.06.008.Google Scholar
71.Jang, T, Docherty, M, Aubin, C, et al. Resident-performed compression ultrasonography for the detection of proximal deep vein thrombosis: fast and accurate. Acad Emerg Med 2004;11:319–22, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb02220.x.Google Scholar
72.Chan, SSW. Emergency bedside ultrasound to detect pneumothorax. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:91–4, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb01984.x.Google Scholar
73.Blaivas, M, Lyon, M, Duggal, S, et al. A prospective comparison of supine chest radiography and bedside ultrasound for the diagnosis of traumatic pneumothorax. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:844–9, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00960.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
74.Fill, SL, Edmisten, T, Holtzman, G, et al. The occult pneumothorax: an increasing diagnostic entity in trauma. Am Surg 1999;65:254–8.Google Scholar
75.Goodman, TR, Traill, ZC, Phillips, AJ, et al. Ultrasound detection of pneumothorax. Clin Radiol 1999;54:736–9, doi:10.1016/S0009-9260(99)91175-3.Google Scholar
76.Henry, M, Arnold, T, Harvey, J. BTS guidelines for the management of spontaneous pneumothorax. Thorax 2003;58:39–52, doi:10.1136/thorax.58.suppl_2.ii39.Google Scholar
77.Jaffer, U. Best evidence topic reports: transthoracic ultrasonography to diagnosis pneumothorax in trauma. Emerg Med J 2005;22:504–9, doi:10.1136/emj.2005.026542.Google Scholar
78.Kirkpatrick, AW, Sirois, M, Laupland, KB, et al. Hand-held thoracic sonography for detecting post-traumatic pneumothoraces. J Trauma 2004;57:288–95, doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000133565.88871.E4.Google Scholar
79.Knudston, JL, Dort, JM, Helmer, SD, et al. Surgeonperformed ultrasound for pneumothorax in the trauma suite. J Trauma 2004;56:527–30, doi:10.1097/01.TA.0000114529.99353.22.Google Scholar
80.Lichtenstein, D, Meziere, G, Biderman, P, et al. The comet tail artifact: an ultrasound sign ruling out pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med 1999;25:383–8, doi:10.1007/s001340050862.Google Scholar
81.Lichtenstein, D, Meziere, G, Biderman, P, et al. The lung point: an ultrasound sign specific to pneumothorax. Intensive Care Med 2000;26:1434–40, doi:10.1007/s001340000627.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
82.Lichtenstein, D, Meziere, G, Lascols, N, et al. Ultrasound diagnosis of occult pneumothorax. Crit Care Med 2005;33:1231–8, doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000164542.86954.B4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
83.Zhang, M, Liu, ZH, Yang, JX, et al. Rapid detection of pneumothorax by ultrasonography in patients with multiple trauma. Crit Care 2006;10:R112, doi:10.1186/cc5004.Google Scholar
84.Legome, E, Pancu, D. Future applications for emergency ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:817–27, doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.011.Google Scholar
85.Lewin, MR, Williams, SR. Ultrasonographic diagnosis of retinal detachment in the emergency department [letter to the editor]. Ann Emerg Med 2005;45:97–8, doi:10.1016/j.annemergmed.2004.07.456.Google Scholar
86.Blaivas, M, Theodoro, D, Sierzenski, PR. A study of bedside ocular ultrasonography in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2002;9:791–9, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2002.tb02166.x.Google Scholar
87.Blaivas, M, Theodoro, D, Sierzenski, PR. Elevated intracranial pressure detected by bedside emergency ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath. Acad Emerg Med 2003;10:376–81, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2003.tb01352.x.Google Scholar
88.Geeraerts, T, Launey, Y, Martin, L, et al. Ultrasonography of the optic nerve sheath may be useful for detecting raised intracranial pressure after severe brain injury. Intensive Care Med 2007;33:1704–11, doi:10.1007/s00134-007-0797-6.Google Scholar
89.Hasbun, R, Abrahams, J, Jekel, J, et al. Computed tomography of the head before lumbar puncture in adults with suspected meningitis. N Engl J Med 2001;354:1727–33, doi:10.1056/NEJMoa010399.Google Scholar
90.Hansen, HC, Helmke, K, Kunze, K. Optic nerve sheath enlargement in acute intracranial hypertension. Neuroophthalmology 1994;14:345–54, doi:10.3109/01658109409024061.Google Scholar
91.Blaivas, M, Sierzenski, P, Lambert, M. Emergency evaluation of patients presenting with acute scrotum using bedside ultrasonography. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:90–3, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00563.x.Google Scholar
92.Blaivas, M, Sierzenski, P. Emergency ultrasonographic evaluation in the evaluation of the acute scrotum. Acad Emerg Med 2001;8:85–9, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2001.tb00562.x.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
93.Roy, S, Dewitz, A, Paul, I. Ultrasound-assisted ankle arthrocentesis. Am J Emerg Med 1999;17:300–1.Google Scholar
94.Smith, SW. Emergency physician-performed ultrasonography-guided hip arthrocentesis. Acad Emerg Med 1999;6:84–6, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.1999.tb00101.x.Google Scholar
95.Blaivas, M, Lyon, M. The effect of ultrasound guidance on the perceived difficulty of emergency nurse obtained peripheral IV access. J Emerg Med 2006;31:407–10, doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2006.04.014.Google Scholar
96.Brannam, L, Blaivas, M, Lyon, M, Flake, M. Emergency nurses’ utilization of ultrasound guidance for placement of peripheral intravenous lines in difficult-access patients. Acad Emerg Med 2004;11:1361–3, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2004.tb01929.x.Google Scholar
97.Grogan, DR, Irwin, RS, Channick, R, et al. Complications associated with thoracentesis: a prospective, randomized study comparing three different methods. Arch Intern Med 1990;150:873–7, doi:10.1001/archinte.1990.00390160119023.Google Scholar
98.Jones, PW, Moyers, JP, Rogers, JT, et al. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis: is it a safer method? Chest 2003;123:418–23, doi:10.1378/chest.123.2.418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
99.Mayo, PH, Goltz, H, Tafreshi, M, Doelken, P. Safety of ultrasound-guided thoracentesis in patients receiving mechanical ventilation. Chest 2004;125:1059–62, doi:10.1378/chest.125.3.1059.Google Scholar
100.Marks, WM, Filly, RA, Callen, PW. Real-time evaluation of pleural lesions: sonography versus radiography. Radiology 1982;142:163–4.Google Scholar
101.Diacon, AH, Brutsche, MH, Soler, M. Accuracy of pleural puncture sites: a prospective comparison of clinical examination with ultrasound. Chest 2003;123:436–41, doi:10.1378/chest.123.2.436.Google Scholar
102.Thomsen, TW, DeLaPena, J, Setnik, GS. Thoracentesis. N Engl J Med 2006;355:e16, doi:10.1056/NEJMvcm053812.Google Scholar
103.Feller-Kopman, D. Ultrasound-guided thoracentesis. Chest 2006;129:1709–14, doi:10.1378/chest.129.6.1709.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
104.Beaulieu, Y, Marik, PE. Bedside ultrasonography in the ICU: part 2. Chest 2005;128:1766–81, doi:10.1378/chest.128.3.1766.Google Scholar
105.Nazeer, SR, Dewbre, H, Miller, AH. Ultrasound-assisted paracentesis performed by emergency physicians vs. the traditional technique: a prospective, randomized study. Am J Emerg Med 2005;23:363–7, doi:10.1016/j.ajem.2004.11.001.Google Scholar
106.Mallory, A, Schaefer, JW. Complications of diagnostic paracentesis in patients with liver disease. JAMA 1978;239:628–30, doi:10.1001/jama.1978.03280340048020.Google Scholar
107.Nicolaou, S, Talsky, A, Khashoggi, K, Venu, V. Ultrasoundguided interventional radiology in critical care. Crit Care Med 2007;35(5 Suppl):S186–97, doi:10.1097/01.CCM.0000260630.68855.DF.Google Scholar
108.Tsang, TS, Freeman, WK, Sinak, LJ, Seward, JB. Echocardiographically-guided pericardiocentesis: evolution and state-of-the-art technique. Mayo Clin Proc 1998;73:647–52, doi:10.4065/73.7.647.Google Scholar
109.Tsang, TS, Enriquez-Sarano, M, Freeman, WK, et al. Consecutive 1127 therapeutic echocardiographically guided pericardiocentesis: clinical profile, practice patterns and outcomes spanning 21 years. Mayo Clin Proc 2002;77:429–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
110.Tibbles, CD, Porcaro, W. Procedural applications of ultrasound. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:797–815, doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.010.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
111.Nomura, J, Leech, S, Shenbagamurthi, S, et al. A randomized controlled trial of ultrasound-assisted lumbar puncture. J Ultrasound Med 2007;26:1341–8.Google Scholar
112.Squire, BT, Fox, JC, Anderson, C. ABSCESS: Applied Bedside Sonography for Convenient Evaluation of Superficial Soft tissue infections. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:601–6, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb00913.x.Google Scholar
113.Tayal, VS, Hasan, N, Norton, HJ, Tomaszewski, CA. The effect of soft-tissue ultrasound on the management of cellulitis in the emergency department. Acad Emerg Med 2006;13:384–8, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2006.tb00314.x.Google Scholar
114.Blaivas, M, Theodoro, D, Duggal, S. Ultrasound-guided drainage of peritonsillar abscess by the emergency physician. Am J Emerg Med 2003;21:155–8, doi:10.1053/ajem.2003.50029.Google Scholar
115.Hill, R, Conron, R, Greissinger, P, Heller, M. Ultrasound for the detection of foreign bodies in human tissue. Ann Emerg Med 1997;29:353–6, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(97)70347-0.Google Scholar
116.Orlinsky, M, Knitel, P, Feit, T, et al. The comparative accuracy of radiolucent foreign body detection using ultrasonography. Am J Emerg Med 2000;18:401–3, doi:10.1053/ajem.2000.7315.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
117.Blankstein, A, Cohen, I, Heiman, Z, et al. Localization, detection, and guided removal of soft tissue foreign bodies in the hands using sonography. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 2000;120:514–7, doi:10.1007/s004020000173.Google Scholar
118.Witt, M, Baumann, B, McCans, K.Bladder ultrasound increases catheterization success in pediatric patients. Acad Emerg Med 2005;12:371–4, doi:10.1111/j.1553-2712.2005.tb01961.x.Google Scholar
119.Aguilera, PA, Durham, BA, Riley, DA. Emergency transvenous cardiac pacing placement using ultrasound guidance. Ann Emerg Med 2000;36:224–7, doi:10.1067/mem.2000.108654.Google Scholar
120.Gray, A. Ultraosund-guided regional anaesthesia: current state of the art. Anesthesiology 2006;104:368–73, doi:10.1097/00000542-200602000-00024.Google Scholar
121.Chun, R, Kirkpatrick, AW, Sirois, M, et al. Where’s the tube? Evaluation of hand-held ultrasound in confirming endotracheal tube placement. Prehosp Disast Med 2004;19:366–9.Google Scholar
122.Gracias, VH, Frankel, HL, Gupta, R, et al. Defining the learning curve for the focused abdominal sonogram for trauma (FAST) examination: implications for credentialing. Am Surg 2001;67:364–8.Google Scholar
123.Shackford, SR, Rogers, FB, Osler, TM, et al. Focused abdominal sonogram for trauma: the learning curve of nonradiologist clinicians in detecting hemoperitoneum. J Trauma 1999;46:553–64, doi:10.1097/00005373-199904000-00003.Google Scholar
124.Thomas, B, Falcone, RE, Vasquez, D, et al. Ultrasound evaluation of blunt abdominal trauma: program implementation, initial experience, and learning curve. J Trauma 1997;42:384–8, doi:10.1097/00005373-199703000-00004.Google Scholar
125.Gracias, VH, Frankel, H, Gupta, R, et al. The role of positive examinations in training for the focused assessment sonogram in trauma (FAST) examination. Am Surg 2002;68:1008–11.Google Scholar
126.Peterson, MA, Lambert, MJ. Training and program development. In: Ma, OJ, Mateer, JR, Blaivas, M, editors. Emergency ultrasound. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008. p. 1–14.Google Scholar
127.American College of Emergency Physicians: ACEP Emergency Ultrasound Guidelines 2001. Ann Emerg Med 2001;38:470–81, doi:10.1067/mem.2001.118487.Google Scholar
128.Mateer, J, Plummer, D, ]Heller, M, et al. Model curriculum for physician training in emergency sonography. Ann Emerg Med 1994;23:95–102, doi:10.1016/S0196-0644(94)70014-1.Google Scholar
129.Ma, OJ, Mateer, JR, Blaivas, M, editors. Emergency ultrasound. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.Google Scholar
130.Heller, M, Jehle, D. Ultrasound in emergency medicine. 2nd ed. West Seneca, NY: Center Page, Inc; 2002.Google Scholar
131.Rosen, CL, Wolfe, RE, editors. Ultrasound in emergency medicine. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2004;22:581–843, doi:10.1016/j.emc.2004.04.007.CrossRefGoogle Scholar