MP28: Development and validation of a novel three-dimensional printed thorax model simulator for the simulation-based training of tube thoracostomy

Abstract

Innovation Concept: High-acuity, low-occurrence (HALO) procedures require skilled performance as they treat life-threatening conditions and are associated with significant morbidity when performed incorrectly. Simulation has proven useful for deliberate practice in a low stake setting. Tube thoracostomy is amendable to this approach. Commercially available trainers exist but often have limited realism and are prohibitively expensive particularly to non-academic centers. Three-dimensional (3D) printing produces models suitable for simulation, but no current simulator has been developed and validated for tube thoracostomy. The aim of this study was to develop such, a 3D-printed low-fidelity simulator validated for the simulation-based instruction of tube thoracostomy. Methods: The development of the simulator followed an iterative design cycle with collaboration between a design team and an emergency medicine expert. Its validity (face and content) was tested through hands-on practice and surveys completed by 15 acute-care practitioners. Participants performed the procedure on the simulator and then provided feedback through a mixed quantitative/qualitative product evaluation survey on appearance, realism (face validity) and value in procedural training (content validity). Mean values for overall appearance and content validity as a training tool were 4/5 and 4.3/5 respectively. All respondents felt the model was a useful adjunct. All but one stated it was a good replacement for pre-existing trainers. Curriculum, Tool, or Material: The model was initially printed in three parts using an Ultimaker 3 and Axiom Airwolf Dual 3D-printer. The ribcage was created using polylactic acid with polyvinyl alcohol support material. Printed sections were bonded using glue at interfaces requiring no flexibility. Flexible joints were made of varying amounts of thermoplastic polyurethane and thermoplastic elastomer. Skin overlay for the whole model was created with a cut out area for replaceable sections that subjects would incise to insert the chest tube. Skin was casted using platinum cured silicone in a 3D-printed mold. Total cost of all materials was roughly 80 CAD. Conclusion: The simulator was found to be a useful adjunct for the simulation-based practice of tube thoracostomy. As well, users found the model anatomically realistic and avoided high-cost and ethical issues. Further research will focus on optimization based on feedback and development into a multi-functional simulator for other HALO procedures.