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Studies With Whitefly Parasites of Southern California: II. Eretmocerus californicus Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Dan Gerling
Dan Gerling
Affiliation:
Department of Biological Control, University of California Citrus, Research Center and Agricultural Experiment Station, Riverside, California
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Abstract

Eretmocerus californicus is a solitary parasite of numerous whitefly species. It is able to develop in all nymphal stages of its host but prefers the second and third. Oviposition and development of the first-instar larva take place under the host, the following two instars develop endoparasitically. Superparasitism is common under artificial conditions, but the supernumeraries are always eliminated during their first or second instar. Adult longevity is highest at 60° and lowest at 100° F. Males are rare and superfluous in Riverside but abundant and essential in Indio. In Riverside, E. californicus is most abundant during the late summer and is almost absent from the field between January and June. In Indio, it is present the year around. Although it attacks the same host instars as Encarsia pergandiella Howard, no hyper- or multiple-parasitism takes place. E. californicus is an important controlling factor on whiteflies in the Coachella and Imperial valleys but not in Riverside and the coastal area.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 98 , Issue 12 , December 1966 , pp. 1316 - 1329
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1966

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