Hostname: page-component-586b7cd67f-tf8b9 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-26T14:50:11.487Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF SYMPIESIS MARYLANDENSIS GIRAULT (HYMENOPTERA: EULOPHIDAE) IN APPLE ORCHARDS INFESTED BY ITS HOST, THE APPLE BLOTCH LEAFMINER, PHYLLONORYCTER CRATAEGELLA (CLEMENS) (LEPIDOPTERA: GRACILLARIIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Chris T. Maier
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06504-1106
Ronald M. Weseloh
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, The Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, New Haven, Connecticut, USA 06504-1106

Abstract

The spatial distribution of the eulophid Sympiesis marylandensis Girault was examined in Connecticut in October 1988 and 1989 by vacuum-sampling apple trees in three zones of two apple orchards infested by its gracillariid host, the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens). The abundance of females of S. marylandensis decreased with increasing distance of the zone or the sampled apple tree from the forest. The abundance of males in different regions of the orchard was similar. In two of three samples, the density of mines of leafminers was significantly higher near the edge than in the center of orchards. Parasitization of leafminers of the second generation and the number of female parasitoids vacuum-sampled during the third generation did not have a similar distributional pattern. We suggest that the amount of parasitism by S. marylandensis would be affected negatively by spraying trees at the border of orchards to kill immigrating pests.

Résumé

La répartition spatiale de Sympiesis marylandensis Girault a été étudiée au Connecticut, en octobre 1988 et 1989, par échantillonnage à la pompe à vide dans les pommiers de trois zones, dans deux vergers infestés par l’hôte, la mineuse Phyllonorycter crataegella (Clemens). L’abondance des femelles de S. marylandensis diminuait en fonction inverse de la distance entre la zone et la forêt ou entre l’arbre échantillonné et la forêt. L’abondance des mâles était semblable dans les différentes régions du verger. Dans deux des trois échantillons, la densité des galeries creusées par la mineuse était signiftcativement plus élevée près des bords du verger qu’en plein milieu. Les infestations des mineuses de deuxième génération et les parasitoïdes femelles recueillis par échantillonnage à la pompe à la troisième génération n’avaient pas la même répartition. Nous croyons que le parasitisme de S. marylandensis pourrait être réduit par arrosage des arbres situés en bordure des vergers de façon à détruire les insectes dévastateurs au moment de leur arrivée.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1995

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Barrett, B.A., and Brunner, J.F.. 1988. Fecundity, longevity, and developmental rates of Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its major parasitoid, Pnigalio flavipes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Melanderia 46: 2935.Google Scholar
Barrett, B.A., and Jorgensen, C.D.. 1986. Parasitoids of the western tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Utah apple orchards. Environmental Entomology 15: 635641.Google Scholar
Chouinard, G., Hill, S.B., Vincent, C., and Barthakur, N.N.. 1992. Border-row sprays for control of the plum curculio in apple orchards: A behavioral study. Journal of Economic Entomology 85: 13071317.Google Scholar
Cossentine, J.E., and Jensen, L.B.. 1992. Establishment of Phyllonorycter mespilella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoid, Pnigalio flavipes (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), in fruit orchards in the Okanagan and Similkameen Valleys of British Columbia. Journal of the Entomological Society of British Columbia 89: 1824.Google Scholar
Gagné, R.S., and Barrett, B.A.. 1994. Seasonal occurrence and density of Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and major parasitoids in Missouri apple orchards. Environmental Entomology 23: 198207.Google Scholar
Gambino, P., and Sullivan, D.J.. 1982. Phenology of emergence of the spotted tentiform leafminer [sic], Phyllonorycter crataegella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) and its parasitoids in New York. Journal of the New York Entomological Society 90: 229236.Google Scholar
Green, D.S. 1979. Ecology and Host-specificity of Parasitoids of Leaf-mining Lepidoptera on Quercus agrifolia (Fagaceae) in California. Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Berkeley, CA. 204 pp.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1982 a. Parasitism of the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella, on sprayed and unsprayed apple trees in Connecticut. Environmental Entomology 11: 603610.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1982 b. Abundance and distribution of the seventeen-year periodical cicada, Magicicada septendecim Linnaeus (Hemiptera: Cicadidae—Brood II), in Connecticut. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 84: 430439.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1984. Abundance and phenology of parasitoids of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in Connecticut. The Canadian Entomologist 116: 443449.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1988 a. Parasitoid fauna of two Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on wild cherries, and similarity to fauna of apple leafminers. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 460466.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1988 b. Gracillariid hosts of Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) in New England. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 81: 728732.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1990. Potential for the biological control of apple leafminers by parasitic wasps. pp. 6074in Anderson, J.F. (Ed.), Proceedings Ninety-Sixth New England Fruit Meetings, Massachusetts Fruit Growers Association, North Amherst, MA. 155 pp.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1992. Seasonal development, flight activity, and density of Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of leaf-mining Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Connecticut apple orchards and forests. Environmental Entomology 21: 164172.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1993. Inoculative release and establishment of Holcothorax testaceipes (Hymenoptera: Encrytidae), a Palaearctic agent for the biological control of Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in Connecticut apple orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 86: 10691077.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1994 a. Biology and impact of parasitoids of Phyllonorycter blancardella and P. crataegella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) in northeastern North American apple orchards. pp. 624in Maier, C.T. (Ed.), Integrated Management of Tentiform Leafminers, Phyllonorycter spp. (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in North American Apple Orchards. Thomas Say Publications in Entomology, Entomological Society of America, Lanham, MD. 82 pp.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T. 1994 b. Improved biological control of tentiform leafminers in low-spray orchards. Proceedings, The Connecticut Pomological Society (103rd Annual Meeting) 1993: 58.Google Scholar
Maier, C.T., and Davis, D.R.. 1989. Southern New England Host and Distributional Records of Lithocolletine Gracillariidae (Lepidoptera) with Comparison of Host Specificity in Temperate Regions. Miscellaneous Publications of the Entomological Society of America 70: 23 pp.Google Scholar
Miller, C.D. 1970. The Nearctic Species of Pnigalio and Sympiesis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 68: 121 pp.Google Scholar
Noreen, E.W. 1989. Computer Intensive Methods for Testing Hypotheses: An Introduction. John Wiley & Sons, New York, NY. 229 pp.Google Scholar
Pottinger, R.P., and LeRoux, E.J.. 1971. The Biology and Dynamics of Lithocolletis blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) on Apple in Quebec. Memoirs of the Entomological Society of Canada 77: 437 pp.Google Scholar
Prokopy, R.J., Christie, M., Johnson, S.A., and O'Brien, M.T.. 1990. Transitional step toward second-stage integrated management of arthropod pests of apple in Massachusetts orchards. Journal of Economic Entomology 83: 24052410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgway, N.M., and Mahr, D.L.. 1985. Natural enemies of the spotted tentiform leafminer, Phyllonorycter blancardella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in sprayed and unsprayed apple orchards in Wisconsin. Environmental Entomology 14: 459463.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ridgway, N.M., and Mahr, D.L.. 1990. Reproduction, development, longevity, and host mortality of Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), a parasitoid of spotted tentiform leafminer (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), in the laboratory. Annals of the Entomological Society of America 83: 795799.Google Scholar
Van Driesche, R.G., Clark, J.M., Brooks, M.W., and Drummond, F.J.. 1985. Comparative toxicity of orchard insecticides to the apple blotch leafminer, Phyllonorycter crataegella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), and its eulophid parasitoid, Sympiesis marylandensis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 78: 926932.Google Scholar
Van Driesche, R.G., Prokopy, R.J., and Christie, M.. 1994. Effect of second-stage IPM practices on parasitism of apple blotch leafminer (Lepidoptera:Gracillariidae) larvae in Massachusetts apple orchards. Environmental Entomology 23: 140146.Google Scholar
Van Driesche, R.G., and Taub, G.. 1983. Impact of parasitoids on Phyllonorycter leafminers infesting apple in Massachusetts U.S.A. Protecton Ecology 5: 303317.Google Scholar
Varela, L.G., and Welter, S.C.. 1992. Parasitoids of the leafminer, Phyllonorycter nr. elmaella (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae), on apple in California: Abundance, impact on leafminer, and insecticide-induced mortality. Biological Control 2: 124130.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, L. 1988. SYSTAT: The System for Statistics. SYSTAT Inc., Evanston, IL. 822 pp.Google Scholar