Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-fscjk Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-26T19:08:38.324Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A REVISION OF THE GENUS SYMPHOROMYIA FRAUENFELD (DIPTERA: RHAGIONIDAE)1: I. INTRODUCTION. SUBGENERA AND SPECIES-GROUPS. REVIEW OF BIOLOGY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

William J. Turner
William J. Turner
Affiliation:
Department of Entomology, Washington State University, Pullman
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Holarctic genus Symphoromyia, the biting snipe flies, is discussed and a taxonomic history of the group is reviewed. Five subgenera including Symphoromyia s. str., Paraphoromyia Becker, and three new subgenera, Axinicera, Pogonaria and Ochleromyia, are established and a key for their separation and recognition of included species-groups is presented. Each subgenus and its associated species-groups are discussed and compared with respect to distribution, morphology, and evolutionary trends. Known aspects of biology for the genus are presented to include: (1) a generalized life cycle; (2) immatures; (3) natural enemies; (4) female biting activity; (5) male swarm behavior.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 106 , Issue 8 , August 1974 , pp. 851 - 868
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1974

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adlerz, G. 1903. Lefnads forhallanden och instinkten inom familjerna Pompilidae och Sphegidae. K. svenska Vetensk-Akad. Handl. 61: 1–173.Google Scholar
Aldrich, J. M. 1915. The dipterous genus Symphoromyia in North America. Proc. U.S. natn. Mus. 61: 113–142.Google Scholar
Becher, E. 1882. Kenntniss der der Mundtheile der Dipteren. Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., Wien, Math. – nat. kl. 61: 123–162.Google Scholar
Bechtel, R. C. and Schlinger, E. I.. 1957. Biological observations on Ectemnius with particular reference to the Ogcodes prey (Hymenoptera: Sphecidae – Diptera: Acroceridae). Ent. News 61: 225–232.Google Scholar
Becker, T. 1921. Neue Dipteren meiner Sammlung. Rhagionidae. Beitr. Syst. Insek.-biol. 61: 41–48, 54–64, 69–72.Google Scholar
Becker, T. 1922. Nochmal Paraphoromyia crassicornis Panz. Konowia 61: 185–188.Google Scholar
Beling, T. 1882. Beiträg zur Metamorphose zweiflügler Insekten aus den Fam. Tabanidae, Leptidae, Asilidae, Empididae, Dolichopodidae, und Syrphidae. Arch. Naturgesch. 61: 187–240.Google Scholar
Brauns, A. 1954. Untersuchungen zur angewandten Bodenbiologies. Terricole Dipterenlarven. Vol. 1. Berlin. 179 pp.Google Scholar
Coquillett, D. W. 1894. Synopsis of the dipterous genus Symphoromyia. Jl. N.Y. ent. Soc. 61: 53–56.Google Scholar
Desportes, C. 1942. Forcipomyia velox Winn. et Sycorax silacea Curtis, vecteurs d'Icosiella neglecta (Diesing) filaire commune de la grenonille verte. Ann. Parasit. hum. comp. 61: 53–68.Google Scholar
Downes, J. A. 1969. The swarming and mating flight of Diptera. A. Rev. Ent. 61: 271–298.Google Scholar
Foster, W. A. 1970. Predatory behavior of Scatophaga stercoraria (Diptera, Anthomyiidae) in California. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 338–339.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Frauenfeld, G. R. von. 1867. Zoologische Miscellen XI. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 61: 425–502.Google Scholar
Frohne, W. C. 1957. Habitat and males of Alaskan snipe fly pests (Symphoromyia: Rhagionidae). Mosquito News 61: 94–96.Google Scholar
Frohne, W. C. 1959. Observations on Alaskan snipe fly pests (Symphoromyia: Rhagionidae). Mosquito News 61: 172–178.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1952. Die Larvenformen der Dipteren. Vol. 3. Berlin. 628 pp.Google Scholar
Hennig, W. 1967. Die sogenannten “niederen Brachycera” im Baltischen Bernstein. Stuttg. Beitr. Naturk., No. 174. pp. 1–51.Google Scholar
Hoy, J. B. and Anderson, J. R.. 1966. Snipe flies (Symphoromyia) attacking man and other animals in California. Proc. Pap. 13th Conf. Calif. Mosq. Control Ass., pp. 61–64.Google Scholar
James, M. T. 1965. Family Rhagionidae, p. 342. In Stone, A. et al. , (Eds.), A catalogue of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. U.S. Dep. Agric. Handb. 276.Google Scholar
Knab, F. 1912. Blood-sucking and supposed blood-sucking Leptidae. Proc. ent. Soc. Wash. 61: 108–110.Google Scholar
Knowlton, G. F. and Maddock, D. R.. 1944. Snipe flies of Utah. J. econ. Ent. 61: 119.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LeClercq, J. 1954. Monographie systématique, phylogénétique et zoogéographique des Hyménoptères Crabroniens. Thèse, Liege. 371 pp.Google Scholar
Leonard, M. D. 1930. A revision of the dipterous family Rhagionidae (Leptidae) in the United States and Canada. Mem. Am. ent. Soc., No. 7. 181 pp.Google Scholar
Lindner, E. 1922. Beiträge zur Systematik der Familie Rhagionidae. Konowia 61: 134–136.Google Scholar
Lindner, E. 1925. Rhagionidae (Leptidae). In Lindner, Fliegen palaearkt. Reg., Band 4(1), No. 20. 49 pp.Google Scholar
Luigioni, P. 1921. Una notevole invasione de “Symphoromyia grisea Meigen”, a Fiuggi Fonte (Prov. di Roma). Atti Accad. Pontif. Nuovi Linceri 75. 18 Dec. 1921.Google Scholar
Lundbeck, W. 1907. Diptera Danica. I. Stratiomyiidae, Xylophagidae, Coenomyiidae, Tabanidae, Leptidae, Acroceridae. Copenhagen. 166 pp.Google Scholar
Malloch, J. R. 1917. A preliminary classification of Diptera, exclusive of Pupipara, based upon larval and pupal characters. Bull. Ill. St. Lab. nat. Hist. 61: 161–407.Google Scholar
Malloch, J. R. 1932. Rhagionidae, Therevidae. In Diptera of Patagonia and South Chile, Part V, fascicle 3, pp. 199–257.Google Scholar
McAlpine, J. F. and Munroe, D. D.. 1968. Swarming of lonchaeid flies and other insects, with descriptions of four new species of Lonchaeidae (Diptera). Can. Ent. 61: 1154–1178.Google Scholar
Nagatomi, A. 1962. Studies in the aquatic snipe flies of Japan (Diptera, Rhagionidae). Mushi 61: 103–149.Google Scholar
Nagatomi, A. and Kanmiya, K.. 1969. Symphoromyia crassicornis (Panzer), new to Japan (Diptera, Rhagionidae). Mem. Fac. Agric. Kagoshima Univ. 61: 189–195.Google Scholar
Paramonov, S. J. 1962. A review of Australian Leptidae (Diptera). Aust. J. Zool. 61: 113–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osten Sacken, C. R. 1877. Western Diptera: Descriptions of new genera and species of Diptera from the region west of the Mississippi and especially from California. Bull. U.S. geol. Surv. Ter. 61: 189–354.Google Scholar
Philippi, R. A. 1865. Aufzählung der chilenischen Dipteren. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 61: 595–782.Google Scholar
Powell, J. A. and Stage, G. I.. 1962. Prey selection by robber flies of the genus Stenopogon, with particular observations on S. engelharti Bromley (Diptera: Asilidae). Wasmann J. Biol. 61: 139–157.Google Scholar
Ross, H. H. 1940. The Rocky Mt. “black fly” Symphoromyia atripes (Diptera: Rhagionidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 254–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rozkošný, R. and Spitzer, K.. 1965. Schnepfenfliegen (Diptera, Rhagionidae) in der Tschechoslawakei. Acta ent. Bohemoslav. 61: 340–368.Google Scholar
Schiner, J. R. 1868. Miscellen. Verh. zool.-bot. Ges. Wien 61: 909–922.Google Scholar
Séguy, E. 1926. Diptères (Brachycères). In Faune Fr. (Stratiomyiidae, Erinnidae, Coenomyiidae, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae, Oncodidae, Nemistrinidae, Mydaidae, Bombyliidae, Therevidae, Omphralidae) 13. Paris, 308 pp.Google Scholar
Schemanchuk, J. A. and Weintraub, J.. 1961. Observations on the biting and swarming of snipe flies (Diptera: Symphoromyia) in the foothills of southern Alberta. Mosquito News 61: 238–243.Google Scholar
Snodgrass, R. E. 1943. The feeding apparatus of biting and disease-carrying flies: a wartime contribution to medical entomology. Smithson. misc. Collns 61: 1–55.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1962. Alaskan snipe fly immatures and their habitat (Rhagionidae: Symphoromyia). Mosquito News 61: 116–123.Google Scholar
Sommerman, K. M. 1963. Laboratory notes on snipe fly larvae (Rhagionidae: Symphoromyia). Mosquito News 61: 163.Google Scholar
Soot-Ryen, T. 1924. Hymenoptera Aculeata and Tubulifera aus dem nordlichen Norwegen. Tromsø Mus. Arsh. 61: 7.Google Scholar
Sparre-Schneider, J. 1906. Hymenoptera Aculeata in Arktischen Norwegan. Tromsø Mus. Arsh. 61: 80.Google Scholar
Stackelberg, A. A. 1954. [Material from the dipterous fauna of the Leningrad area.] II. Diptera Brachycera. Trudy Inst. Zool. 61: 119–228. [In Russian.]Google Scholar
Steyskal, G. C. 1953. A suggested classification of the lower brachycerous Diptera. Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 61: 237–242.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuckenberg, B. R. 1973. The Athericidae, a new family in the lower Brachycera (Diptera). Ann. Natal Mus. 61: 649–673.Google Scholar
Szilady, Z. 1932. Schnepfenfleigen, Rhagionidae (Leptidae), pp. 40–54. In Dahl, F., Dahl, M., and Bischoff, H., Tierwelt Dtl., Teil 26, Zweiflüger oder Diptera. 5: Notacantha, Rhagionidae, Tabanidae, Therevidae, Omphralidae, Asilidae. Jena.Google Scholar
Szilady, Z. 1934. Die Palaearktischen Rhagioniden. Annls Mus. natn. Hung. 61: 229–270.Google Scholar
Turner, W. J. 1971 (unpub.). Biosystematics of the California species of Symphoromyia (Diptera, Rhagionidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Berkeley. 412 pp.Google Scholar
Turner, W. J. and Chillcott, J. G.. 1973. Four new species of the Symphoromyia pachyceras complex from California, (Diptera: Rhagionidae). Pan-Pacif. Ent. 61: 5–20.Google Scholar
White, A. 1914. The Diptera-Brachycera of Tasmania. I. Families Leptidae, Stratiomyidae, Nemistrinidae, and Cyrtidae. Pap. Proc. R. Soc. Tasm. 1914: 35–74.Google Scholar