Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-gxg78 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T06:08:49.208Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

REPRODUCTIVE BEHAVIOUR OF THE DOUGLAS-FIR CONE GALL MIDGE, CONTARINIA OREGONENSIS (DIPTERA: CECIDOMYIIDAE)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

G. E. Miller  and
J. H. Borden
G. E. Miller
Affiliation:
Canadian Forestry Service, Pacific Forest Research Centre, Victoria, British Columbia V8Z 1M5
J. H. Borden
Affiliation:
Pest Management Centre, Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia V5A 1S6
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The reproductive behaviour of the Douglas-fir cone gall midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote, was studied in the laboratory and in cages outdoors. Adult emergence began in mid-April outdoors and lasted about 2 weeks. Emergence began outdoors at 0600–0700 h Pacific Standard Time, peaked at 1100 h and continued until 1900 h; females dominated emergence early in the day. Mating occurred on or near the duff from which females emerged. Virgin females appeared to “call” males by extending their ovipositors and waving them back and forth, and this behaviour was followed by mating. Laboratory bioassay s using rinses of female abdomens gave further evidence that virgin females produce a sex pheromone. Oviposition behaviour on already infested conelets differed from that on uninfested conelets and suggested the presence of an oviposition deterrent. The mean number of eggs developed by the females was 254, 93% of which were usually laid during the life of the females.

Résumé

Les auteurs ont étudié, au laboratoire et dans des cages à l'extérieur, le comportement de reproduction de la cécidomyie des cônes du douglas, Contarinia oregonensis Foote. La sortie des adultes a commencé à la mi-avril à l'extérieur et s'est poursuivie pendant environ deux semaines. Elle débutait vers 6 ou 7 h (heure normale du Pacifique), atteignait un summum à 11 h et se poursuivait jusqu'à 19 h. Les femelles prédominaient au début de la journée. L'accouplement avait lieu sur la litière qui avait vu sortir la femelle ou à proximité. Les femelles vierges semblaient appeler les mâles en tendant leur ovipositeur et en le déplaçant en un mouvement de va-et-vient. Il y a corrélation entre ce comportement et l'accouplement. Des bio-essais au laboratoire à l'aide de rinçages d'abdomens de femelles ont apporté une indication supplémentaire de la production d'une phéromone sexuelle par les femelles vierges. On a observé un comportement d'oviposition différent sur les cônelets selon que ceux-ci étaient ou non préalablement infestés, ce qui laisse croire à la présence d'un agent défavorable à l'oviposition. Le nombre moyen d'oeufs produits par une femelle est de 254, et 94% d'entre eux sont pondus au cours de la vie de la femelle.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 116 , Issue 4 , April 1984 , pp. 607 - 618
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1984

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bakke, A. 1963. Studies on the spruce cone insects Laspeyresia strobilella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), Kaltenbachiola strobi (Winn.) (Diptera: Itonidae) and their parasites (Hymenoptera) in Norway. Biology, distribution and diapause. Meddr norske Skogsfors Ves. 19. Vollebekk. 151 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1932. On the gall midges injurious to the cultivation of willows. I. The bat willow gall midg (Rhabdophaga terminalis H. Lw.). Ann. appl. Biol. 19: 243–252.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1935. On the gall midges injurious to the cultivation of willows. II. The so-called 'shot hole' gall midges (Rhabdophaga spp.). Ann. appl. Biol. 22: 86–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1946. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. II: Gall Midges of Fodder Crops. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London. 160 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1948 a. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. III: Gall Midges of Fruit. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London. 184 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1948 b. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. IV: Gall Midges of Ornamental Plants and Shrubs. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London. 165 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1951. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. V: Gall Midges of Trees. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London. 270 pp.Google Scholar
Barnes, H. F. 1956. Gall Midges of Economic Importance. Vol. VII: Gall Midges of Cereal Crops. Crosby Lockwood & Son, London. 261 pp.Google Scholar
Chiang, H. C., Mettler, B. J., Okubo, A., and Robbins, A. S.. 1978. Coupling of midge individuals in a swarm of Anarete pritchardi (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 71: 859–861.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Condrashoff, S. F. 1962. Bionomics of three closely related species of Contarinia Rond. (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) from Douglas-fir needles. Can. Ent. 94: 376–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Conover, W. J. 1981. Practical Nonparametric Statistics. Wiley, N.Y.462 pp.Google Scholar
Coutin, R. 1964. Le comportement de ponte chez plusieurs cecidomyies en relation avec l'état de développement chez la plante-hôte des organes recherchés pour l'oviposition. Revue Zool. Agric. Appl. 63: 45–55. (Egg-laying behaviour in a number of gall midges with respect to the developmental stage of the host plant organs.) Can. Dep. Environ. (Fr. Transl.) 13.Google Scholar
Eaton, C. B. and Yuill, J. S.. 1971. Gouty pine midge. U.S. Dep. Agric., For. Serv. Forest Pest Leafl. 46. 8 pp.Google Scholar
Gillet, C. and Brewer, J. W.. 1983. Biology of Janetiella coloradensis Felt, a needle gall midge on Pinus edulis Engelm. Z. angew. Ent. 95: 326–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guppy, J. C. 1961. The life history, behaviour, and ecology of the clover seed midge, Dasyneura leguminicola (Lint.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in eastern Ontario. Can. Ent. 93: 59–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedlin, A. F. 1961. The life history and habits of a midge, Contarinia oregonensis Foote (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Douglas-fir cones. Can. Ent. 93: 952–967.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedlin, A. F. 1964. Life history and habits of a midge, Phytophaga thujae Hedlin (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in western red cedar cones. Can. Ent. 96: 950–957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hedlin, A. F., Yates, H. O. III, Cibrian-Tovar, D., Ebel, B. H., Koerber, T. W., and Merkel, E. P.. 1980. Cone and seed insects of North American conifers. Joint Publ. Can. For. Serv./USDA For. Serv./Secr. Agric. Recur. Hidraul, Mexico. Victoria, B.C.122 pp.Google Scholar
Houseweart, M. W. and Brewer, J. W.. 1972. Biology of a pinyon spindle gall midge (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). Ann. ent. Soc. Am. 65: 331–336.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, N. E. 1963. Time of attack of the Douglas-fir cone midge in relationship to cone development. J. For. 61: 350–355.Google Scholar
Johnson, N. E. and Hedlin, A. F.. 1967. Douglas-fir cone insects and their control. Can. Dep. For. Rural Develop., For. Br., Dep. Publ. 1168. 11 pp.Google Scholar
Jones, D. P. 1940. Oviposition in gall midges (Cecidomyiidae) affecting seed production in grasses. J. Anim. Ecol. 9: 328–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, M. E. 1933 a. Dasyneura leguminicola (Lint.). The clover-seed midge. Ann. appl. Biol. 20: 185–204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Metcalfe, M. E. 1933 b. Some Cecidomyiidae attacking seed of Dactylis glomerata L. and Lolium perenne L. Ann. appl. Biol. 20: 327–341.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. E. and Borden, J. H.. 1981. Evidence for a sex pheromone in the Douglas-fir cone gall midge. Can. For. Serv. Res. Note. 1(2): 9–10.Google Scholar
Passlow, T. 1965. Bionomics of the sorghum midge (Contarinia sorghicola (Cog.)) in Queensland, with particular reference to diapause. Qd J. Agric. Anim. Sci. 22: 149–167.Google Scholar
Prokopy, R. J. 1981 a. Epideictic pheromones that influence spacing patterns of phytophagous insects. pp. 181–213 in Norlund, D. A., Jones, R. L. and Lewis, W. J. (Eds.), Semiochemicals: Their role in Pest Control. Wiley, N.Y.306 pp.Google Scholar
Prokopy, R. J. 1981 b. Oviposition deterring pheromone system of apple maggot flies. pp 477–494 in Mitchell, E. R. (Ed.), Management of Insect Pests with Semiochemicals. Plenum Press, N.Y.514 pp.Google Scholar
Readshaw, J. L. 1965. The ecology of the swede midge, Contarinia nasturii (Kieff.) (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae). I.–Life-history and influence of temperature and moisture on development. Bull. ent. Res. 56: 685–700.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reeher, M. M. 1945. The wheat midge in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Dep. Agric. Circ. 732. 8 pp.Google Scholar
Rockwood, L. P. and Reeher, M. M.. 1933. The Hessian fly in the Pacific Northwest. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 361. 23 pp.Google Scholar
Summers, C. G. 1975. Daily adult emergence in the sorghum midge, Contarinia sorghicola. Environ. Ent. 4: 495–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walter, E. V. 1941. The biology and control of the sorghum midge. U.S. Dep. Agric. Tech. Bull. 778. 26 pp.Google Scholar
Wilson, L. F. 1966. Life history, habits, and damage of the boxelder leaf gall midge, Contarinia negundifolia Felt (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae) in Michigan. Can. Ent.. 98: 777–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, L. F. 1968. Life history and habits of the willow beaked gall midge, Mayetiola rigidae (Diptera: Cecidomyiidae), in Michigan. Can. Ent. 100: 202–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar