Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T21:27:52.260Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ontogeny, variation, and synonymy in North American Cybaeus spiders (Araneae: Cybaeidae)1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 April 2012

Robert G. Bennett
Robert G. Bennett
Affiliation:
British Columbia Ministry of Forests, 7380 Puckle Road, Saanichton, British Columbia, Canada V8M 1W4 (e-mail: [email protected])
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Ontogeny, interspecific homogeneity, and intraspecific variability of female genitalic and other characters of North American Cybaeus L. Koch spiders are described and used to resolve taxonomic problems in the genus. Ontogenetic changes in spermathecal duct morphology occur as females mature and age. Three distinct ontogenetic stages are described: pre-epigynum/pre-vulva, subadult / teneral adult, and mature adult. Concordant with aspects of sexual selection theory, closely related females may be morphologically indistinguishable. Many Cybaeus species exhibit a wide range of body size. Within single species, ontogenetic stages and outlier size classes have been described as separate species. Species with similar females have been lumped under one name. Based on this, 10 new synonyms are proposed for North American Cybaeus: C. adenoides Schenkel = C. grizzlyi Schenkel; C. chaudius Exline and C. hatchi Exline = C. shoshoneus Chamberlin and Ivie; C. exlineae Chamberlin and Ivie = C. bulbosus Exline; C. hystrix Chamberlin and Ivie = C. cribelloides Chamberlin and Ivie; C. janus Chamberlin and Ivie = C. eutypus Chamberlin and Ivie; C. marinensis Chamberlin and Ivie and C. angelus Chamberlin and Ivie = C. consocius Chamberlin and Ivie; and C. olympiae Exline and C. tius Chamberlin and Ivie = C. reticulatus Simon. In addition, four old synonyms are rejected: C. grizzlyi Schenkel and C. adenoides Schenkel ≠ C. adenes Chamberlin and Ivie; C. patritus Bishop and Crosby and C. silicis Barrows ≠ C. giganteus Banks.

Résumé

La description de l'ontogénie, de l'homogénéité interspécifique et de la variabilité intraspécifique des génitalias et d'autres caractères chez les araignées femelles nord-américaines du genre Cybaeus L. Koch sert à résoudre certains problèmes taxonomiques. Il se produit des changements ontogéniques dans la morphologie du canal de la spermathèque durant la maturation et le vieillissement des femelles. On peut décrire trois stades ontogéniques distincts, pré-épygine/pré-vulvaire, subadulte / adulte nouvellement émergé et adulte mature. En accord avec certains aspects de la théorie de la sélection sexuelle, les femelles proches peuvent être impossibles à distinguer morphologiquement. Plusieurs Cybaeus ont des tailles très variables. Au sein d'une même espèce, les stades ontogéniques et les classes de tailles extrêmes ont été décrits comme des espèces différentes. Des espèces à femelles semblables ont été réunies sous un même nom. En conséquence, 10 nouvelles synonymies sont proposées chez les Cybaeus nord-américains : C. adenoides Schenkel = C. grizzlyi Schenkel, C. chaudius Exline et C. hatchi Exline = C. shoshoneus Chamberlin et Ivie, C. exlineae Chamberlin et Ivie = C. bulbosus Exline, C. hystrix Chamberlin et Ivie = C. cribelloides Chamberlin et Ivie, C. janus Chamberlin et Ivie = C. eutypus Chamberlin et Ivie, C. marinensis Chamberlin et Ivie et C. angelus Chamberlin et Ivie = C. consocius Chamberlin et Ivie, ainsi que C. olympiae Exline et C. tius Chamberlin et Ivie = C. reticulatus Simon. De plus, quatre synonymies plus anciennes doivent être rejetées : C. grizzlyi Schenkel et C. adenoides Schenkel ≠ C. adenes Chamberlin et Ivie, de même que C. patritus Bishop et Crosby et C. silicis Barrows ≠ C. giganteus Banks.

[Traduit par la Rédaction]

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 138 , Special Issue/Numéro spécial 4: Honouring Geoffrey G. E. Scudder/En hommage à Geoffrey G.E. Scudder , August 2006 , pp. 473 - 492
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Banks, N. 1892. The spider fauna of the upper Cayuga Lake basin. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 1: 11–81.Google Scholar
Barrows, W.M. 1919. New spiders from Ohio. The Ohio Journal of Science, 19(6): 355–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bennett, R.G. 1987. Systematics and natural history of Wadotes (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology, 15: 91–128.Google Scholar
Bennett, R.G. 1988. The spider genus Cybaeota (Araneae, Agelenidae). Journal of Arachnology, 16: 103–119.Google Scholar
Bennett, R.G. 1991. The systematics of the North American cybaeid spiders (Araneae, Dictynoidea, Cybaeidae). Ph.D. thesis, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario.Google Scholar
Bennett, R.G. 1992. The spermathecal pores of spiders with special reference to dictynoids and amaurobioids (Araneae, Araneomorphae, Araneoclada). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Ontario, 123: 1–21.Google Scholar
Bishop, S.C., and Crosby, C.R. 1926. Notes on the spiders of the southeastern United States with descriptions of new species. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell Scientific Society, 41(3,4): 163–212.Google Scholar
Bonnet, P. 1956. Bibliographia Araneorum. Toulouse, 2(2): 919–1926.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, R.V. 1919. New Californian spiders. Journal of Entomology and Zoology, 12(1): 1–26.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, R.V., and Ivie, W. 1932. North American spiders of the genera Cybaeus and Cybaeina. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 23(2): 1–43.Google Scholar
Chamberlin, R.V., and Ivie, W. 1937. New spiders of the family Agelenidae from western North America. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 30(2): 211–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlin, R.V., and Ivie, W. 1942. A hundred new species of American spiders. Bulletin of the University of Utah, 32(13): 1–117.Google Scholar
Coddington, J.A. 1990. Ontogeny and homology in the male palpus of orbweaving spiders and their relatives, with comments on phylogeny (Araneoclada: Araneoidea, Deinopoidea). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 496: 1–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coyle, F.A. 1985. Two-year life cycle and low palpal character variance in a Great Smoky Mountain population of the lamp-shade spider (Araneae, Hypochilidae, Hypochilus). Journal of Arachnology, 13: 211–218.Google Scholar
Crawford, R.L. 1988. An annotated checklist of the spiders of Washington. Burke Museum Contributions, 5: 1–48.Google Scholar
Eberhard, W.G. 1985. Sexual selection and animal genitalia. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Edwards, G.B. 2004. Revision of the jumping spiders of the genus Phidippus (Araneae: Salticidae). Occasional Papers of the Florida State Collection of Arthropods, 11: 1–156.Google Scholar
Emerton, J.H. 1923. New spiders from Canada and the adjoining states. No. 3. The Canadian Entomologist, 55(3): 238–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Exline, H. 1935 a. Three new species of Cybaeus. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 11(3): 129–132.Google Scholar
Exline, H. 1935 b. A new species of Cybaeus (Araneae: Agelenidae). Entomological News, 46: 285–286.Google Scholar
Exline, H. 1938. The Araneida of Washington: Agelenidae and Hahniidae. University of Washington Publications in Biology, 9(1): 1–45.Google Scholar
Fox, I. 1937. Notes on North American agelenid spiders. The Canadian Entomologist, 69: 174–177.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gertsch, W.J., and Ivie, W. 1936. Descriptions of new American spiders. American Museum Novitates, 858: 1–25.Google Scholar
Higgins, L.E. 1989. Effect of insemination on the morphology of the internal female genitalia of the spider Nephila clavipes (Araneae: Araneidae). Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 82: 748–753.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levi, H.W. 1971. The diadematus group of the orbweaver genus Araneus north of Mexico (Araneae: Araneidae). Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, 141: 131–179.Google Scholar
Platnick, N.I. 2005. The world spider catalog [online]. Version 5.5. The American Museum of Natural History. Available from http://research.amnh.org/entomology/spiders/catalog/index.html [accessed 1 September 2005].Google Scholar
Platnick, N.I., and Shadab, M.U. 1975. A revision of the genus Gnaphosa (Araneae, Gnaphosidae) in America. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 155: 1–66.Google Scholar
Platnick, N.I., and Shadab, M.U. 1989. A revision of the spider genus Teminius (Araneae, Miturgidae). American Museum Novitates, 2963.Google Scholar
Roewer, C.F. 1954. Katalog der Araneae. Vol. 2a. Bruxelles. pp. 1–923.Google Scholar
Roth, V.D. 1952. The genus Cybaeus in Oregon. Annals of the Entomological Society of America, 45: 205–219.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, V.D. 1956. Taxonomic changes in the Agelenidae. Pan-Pacific Entomologist, 32(4): 175–180.Google Scholar
Roth, V.D. 1988. American Agelenidae and some misidentified spiders (Clubionidae, Oonopidae and Sparassidae) of E. Simon in the Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle. Bulletin du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, 10: 25–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roth, V.D., and Brown, W.L. 1986. Catalog of Nearctic Agelenidae. Occasional Papers of the Museum of Texas Tech University, 99: 1–21.Google Scholar
Schenkel, E. 1950. Spinnentiere aus dem westlichen Nordamerika. Verhandlungen der naturforschenden Gesellschaft in Basel, 61: 28–92.Google Scholar
Sierwald, P. 1989. Morphology and ontogeny of female copulatory organs in American Pisauridae, with special reference to homologous features (Arachnida: Araneae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 484: 1–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sierwald, P. 1990. Morphology and homologous features in the male palpal organ in Pisauridae and other families, with notes on the taxonomy of Pisauridae (Arachnida: Araneae). Nemouria, 35: 1–59.Google Scholar
Simon, E. 1886. Descriptions des quelques espèces nouvelles de la famille des Agelenidae. Annales de la Société entomologique de Belgique, 30: LVI–LXI.Google Scholar
Wiley, E.O. 1981. Phylogenetics: the theory and practice of phylogenetic systematics. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar